Tissue Engineering Using Ceramics and Polymers

Drawing a distinguished editors and international team of contributors, this book reviews the latest research and advances and how they can be used to develop treatments for disease states. An innovative and up-to-date reference, it begins with a discussion of general issues and then moves on to review characterization. Building on this foundation, later chapters analyze bone regeneration and specific types of tissue engineering and repair such as cardiac, intervertebral disc, skin, kidney and bladder tissue. The book concludes with coverage of themes such as nerve bioengineering and the micromechanics of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials and tissue scaffolds.

Contents
GENERAL ISSUES
Ceramic Biomaterials, J. Huang and S. Best
Introduction
Characteristics of Ceramics
Microstructure of Ceramics
Properties of Ceramics
Processing of Ceramics
Conclusions
Future Trends
References
Polymeric Biomaterials, G. Wei and P.X. Ma
Introduction
Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Polymeric Scaffolds with Controlled Release Capacity
Conclusions
References
Bioactive Ceramics and Glasses, J.R. Jones
Introduction
Synthetic Hydroxyapatite
Bioactive Glass
Glass-Ceramics
Conclusions
References
Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer/Ceramic Composite Scaffolds, S.K. Misra and A.R. Boccaccini
Introduction
Biodegradable Polymers and Bioactive Ceramics
Composite Material Approach
Materials Processing Strategies for Composite Scaffolds
Case Studies
Conclusions and Future Trends
References
Transplantation of Engineered Cells and Tissues, J. Mansbridge
Introduction
Rejection of Tissue Engineered Products
Testing and Regulatory Consequences
Generality of the Resistance of Tissue-Engineered Products to Immune Rejection
Manufacturing Consequences
Conclusions and Future Trends
Sources of Further Information and Advice
Acknowledgements
References
Surface Modification to Tailor the Biological Response, K. Shakesheff and G . Tsourapas
Introduction
The Biochemistry of Cell Interactions with the ECM
The Need for Surface Modification of Scaffolds
General Strategies for Surface Modification
Examples from the Literature
Covalent Attachment
References
Combined Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery, N. Tirelli
Introduction
Growth Factor (GF) Delivery
Signalling Molecules Physically Entrapped in a Matrix
Signalling Molecules Released from a Bound State
References
Carrier Systems and Biosensors for Biomedical Applications, F. Davis and S.P.J. Higson
Introduction
Carrier Systems
Commercial Systems
Polyanhydrides
Biosensors
Continuous Monitoring
Future Trends
Conclusions
References
Characterisation Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Secondary Ion Spectrometry (SIMS), A.J. Urquhart and M.R. Alexander
Introduction
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
Specific Sample Preparation and Acquisition Procedures
Conclusions
Future trends
Acknowledgements
References
Characterisation Using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), A.M. Donald
Introduction
The Instrument: A Comparison with CSEM
Static Experiments
Dynamic Experiments
Dual Beam Instruments – An Emerging Technique
Potential and limitations
Conclusions
References
Characterisation of Cells on Tissue Engineered Construsts Using Imaging Techniques/Microscopy, S.I. Anderson
Introduction
General Considerations and Experimental Design
CLSM
Combining Techniques
Future Trends
References
Characterisation Using Raman Micro-Spectroscopy, I. Notingher
Introduction
Principles of Raman Spectroscopy
Characterisation of Living Cells
Characterisation of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Conclusions and Future Trends
References
TISSUE AND ORGAN GENERATION
Engineering of Tissues and Organs, A. Atala
Introduction
Native Cells
Biomaterials
Alternate Cell Sources: Stem Cells and Nuclear Transfer
Tissue Engineering of Specific Structures
Cellular Therapies
Conclusions and Future Trends
References
Bone Regeneration and Repair Using Tissue Engineering, P. Wozniak and A.J. El Haj
Introduction
Principles of Bone Biology
Basics of Bone Remodelling
Skeletal Tissue Reconstruction- A Tissue Engineering Approach
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Bone Tissue Engineering and Biomineralisation, L. Di Silvio
Introduction
Tissue Engineering
Scaffolds and Biomineralization
Conclusions and Future Trends
References
Cardiac Tissue Engineering, Q.Z. Chen, S.E. Harding, N.N. Ali, H. Jawad, and A.R. Boccaccini
Introduction
Cell Sources
Construct-Based Strategies in Myocardial Tissue Engineering
Conclusions and Future Trends
Acknowledgements
References
Intervertebral Disc Tissue Engineering, J. Hoyland and T. Freemont
Introduction
The Impact of Disorders of the Intervertebral Disc (IVD) on Modern Society
The Normal Anatomy, Function and Cell Biology of the Intervertebral Disc (IVD)
The Pathobiology of IVD Degeneration
Treatment of Degeneration of the IVD
The Place of Biomaterials in Proposed Strategies for Managing IVD Degeneration
Tissue Regeneration and the IVD. Conclusions
Future Trends
Sources of Further Information and Advice
References
Skin Tissue Engineering, S. MacNeil
Why do we Need Tissue Engineered Skin?
Key Events in the Development of Tissue Engineered Skin
Do We Need Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering of Skin?
Key Steps in Development of Tissue Engineered Skin for Clinical Use
Converting Research into Products
Problems with Reconstructed Skin
Unexpected Results from Using 3D Skin Models
Future Trends
References
Liver Tissue Engineering, K. Shakesheff Introduction
The Structure of the Liver Lobule
Clinical & Commercial Applications of Engineered Liver Tissue
Approaches to Liver Tissue Engineering
Conclusions
Future Trends
References
Kidney Tissue Engineering, A. Saito
Introduction
Present Status of Kidney Regeneration
Functional Limitation of Current Heamodialysis as an Artificial Kidney
System Configuration for Bioartificial Kidneys
Past and Current Status of Development of Bioartificial Kidneys
Attachment and Proliferation of Tubular Epithelial Cells on Polymer Membranes
Function of Tubular Epithelial Cells on Polymer Membranes
Evaluation of a Long-Term Function of LLC-PK1 Cell-Attached Hollow Fibre Membrane
Improvement of the Components of a Portable Bioartificial Kidney Developed for Long-Term Use
Conclusions and Future Trends
References
Bladder Tissue Engineering, A. Turner, R. Subramaniam, D.F.M Thomas, and J. Southgate
The Bladder – Structure and Function
The Clinical Need for Bladder Reconstruction
Concepts and Strategies of Bladder Reconstruction and Tissue-Engineering
Review of Past and Current Strategies in Bladder Reconstruction
Cell Conditioning in an External Bioreactor
Future Trends
Conclusions
References
Nerve bioengineering, P. Kingham and G. Terenghi
Peripheral Nerve
Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration
Peripheral Nerve Repair
Bioengineered Nerve Conduits
Matrix Materials
Cultured Cells and Nerve Constructions
Conclusions
References
Lung Tissue Engineering, A.E. Bishop and H.J. Rippon
Introduction
Lung Structure
Sources of Cells for Lung Tissue Engineering
Lung Tissue Constructs
Conclusions
References
Intestine Tissue Engineering, D.A.J. Lloyd and S.M. Gabe
Introduction
Approaches to Tissue Engineering of the Small Intestine
Artificial Scaffolds
Intestinal Lengthening Using Artificial Scaffolds
Transplantation of Intestinal Stem Cell Cultures
Growth Factors
Future Trends
Conclusions
References
Micromechanics of Hydroxyapatite-Based Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, C. Hellmich and A. Fritsch
Introduction
Fundamentals of Continuum Micromechanics
Micromechanical Representation of Mono-Porosity Biomaterials Made of Hydroxyapatite – Stiffness and Strength Estimates
Model Validation
Continuum Micromechanics Model for ‘Hierarchical’ Hydroxyapatite Biomaterials with Two Pore Spaces Used for Tissue Engineering
Conclusions and Future Trends
Appendix I
Nomenclature
References
Cartilage Tissue Engineering, J. Gough
Introduction
Structure, Cellularity and Extracellular Matrix
The Need for Cartilage Repair
Current Treatments Including Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation
Cell Source
Materials
Growth Factors and Oxygen
Loading
Osteochondral Defects
Conclusions and Future Trends
References