The scientific exploration of solid materials represents one of the most important, fascinating and rewarding areas of scientific endeavour in the present day, not only from the viewpoint of advancing fundamental understanding but also from the industrial perspective, given the immense diversity of applications of solid materials across the full range of commercial sectors. Turning Points in Solid-State, Materials and Surface Science provides a state-of-the-art survey of some of the most important recent developments across the spectrum of solid-state, materials and surface sciences, while at the same time reflecting on key turning points in the evolution of this scientific discipline and projecting into the directions for future research progress. The book serves as a timely tribute to the life and work of Professor Sir John Meurig Thomas FRS, who has made monumental contributions to this field of science throughout his distinguished 50-year career in research, during which he has initiated, developed and exploited many important branches of this field. Indeed, the depth and breadth of his contributions towards the evolution and advancement of this scientific discipline, and his critical role in elevating this field to the important position that it now occupies within modern science, are demonstrated recurrently throughout the chapters of this book. Individual chapters are contributed by internationally leading experts in their respective fields, and the topics covered include solid-state chemistry of inorganic and organic materials, heterogeneous catalysis, surface science and materials science, with one section of the book focusing on modern developments in electron microscopy and its contributions to chemistry and materials science. The book serves as a modern and up-to-date monograph in these fields, and provides a valuable resource to researchers in academia and industry who require a comprehensive source of information on this important and rapidly developing subject.
Turning Points in Solid-State, Materials and Surface Science
A Book in Celebration of the Life and Work of Sir John Meurig Thomas
By Kenneth D M Harris, Peter P. EdwardsThe Royal Society of Chemistry
Copyright © 2008 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-85404-114-5Contents
Curriculum Vitae, Awards and Honours of Sir John Meurig Thomas, xx,
Contributors, xxv,
Introduction,
Chapter 1 Voyages with the Master Ahmed H. Zewail, 3,
Section A: Inorganic Solid State Chemistry (Nanoporous Solids, complex Oxides, Zeolites, Minerals, Non-Stoichiometry, Computation and Modelling),
Chapter 2 Multifaceted Studies of Zeolites and Other Catalytic Materials Anthony K. Cheetham, 13,
Chapter 3 The Deductive Approach to Chemistry, a Paradigm Shift Martin Jansen, 22,
Chapter 4 Future Energy Materials: Three Challenges for Materials Chemistry Peter P. Edwards and Vladimir L. Kuznetsov, 51,
Chapter 5 Structural Diversity and Potential Applications of Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers Jiesheng Chen and Ruren Xu, 76,
Chapter 6 Elucidating Crystal Growth in Nanoporous Materials: The Importance of Microscopy Michael W. Anderson, L. Itzel Meza, Jonathan R. Agger, Martin P. Attfield, Maryam Shöâeè, Chin B. Chong, Ayako Umemura and Colin S. Cundy, 95,
Chapter 7 Exploration of New Porous Solids in the Search for Adsorbents and Catalysts Paul A. Wright and Wuzong Zhou, 123,
Chapter 8 Concerning the Solid State Packing of [(ButCO2)3M2]2(μ-9, 10-anthracenedicarboxylate) Compounds (M=Mo or W) and Other Matters Malcolm H. Chisholm, Matthew J. Byrnes, Ajatshatru Mehta and Patrick M. Woodward, 138,
Chapter 9 High Pressure and High Temperature Oxidation in the IrSr2RECu2O8 Family of Cuprates: The Disordered Multiple Perovskite (A1/3 A'2/3)(B1/3 B'2/3)O3-x Phases A. J. Dos Santos-García, G. Heymann, H. Huppertz and M. Á . Alario-Franco, 151,
Chapter 10 Melting and Amorphisation G. Neville Greaves, 165,
Chapter 11 Computer Modelling in Solid-State Chemistry C. Richard A. Catlow, Said Hamad,Devis Di Tommaso, Alexey A. Sokol and Scott M. Woodley, 180,
Chapter 12 Towards a Catalogue of Designer Zeolites M. M. J. Treacy, M. D. Foster and I. Rivin, 208,
Chapter 13 Discovering New Crystal Architectures Filipe A. Almeida Paz, Dorota Majda, Robert G. Bell and Jacek Klinowski, 221,
Chapter 14 Chemical Modulations in Pb-Bi Sulfosalts: A Glimpse at Minerals in Solid-State Chemistry Allan Pring and Cristiana L. Ciobanu, 239,
Chapter 15 Complexity: In the Eye of the Beholder (This Beholder is a Crystallographer) Sven Lidin, 250,
Chapter 16 Synthesis and Characterization of Zn-T-Sites in Mazzite David E. W. Vaughan, Ingrid J. Pickering, Graham N. George and Jeffrey R. Shallenberger, 258,
Chapter 17 Anything Protons Do, Muons Do Better! E. A. Davis, 271,
Section B: Organic Solid State Chemistry,
Chapter 18 Molecular Cohesion and the Structure of Organic Crystals Jack D. Dunitz and A. Gavezzotti, 285,
Chapter 19 Aperiodicity in Organic Materials Kenneth D. M. Harris, 302,
Chapter 20 From the Synthesis of Acetylenic Natural Products to Seeing the Light Jonathan M. White and Wallace W. H. Wong, 334,
Chapter 21 Molecular Recognition within One-Dimensional Channels Mark D. Hollingsworth, 346,
Chapter 22 FTIR Study of Short Range Mobility in Some Crystalline Peroxides: Solid-State Rotational Isomerism of CO2 J. Michael McBride and Kevin L. Pate, 362,
Section C: Solid Catalysts, Surface and Materials Science,
Chapter 23 From 'Nature' to an Adventure in Single-Site Epoxidation Catalysis Hendrikus C. L. Abbenhuis and Rutger A. van Santen, 385,
Chapter 24 A Comparison between Enzymes and Solid State Catalysts Robert J. P. Williams, 396,
Chapter 25 Zeolite Modelling: Active Sites in Different Framework Structures and in Different Crystallographic Positions Joachim Sauer, 441,
Chapter 26 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A New Window on the Catalyst Operating H. M. Lim, M. D. Mantle and A. J. Sederman, 457,
Chapter 27 Dissociative Chemisorption of Hydrogen Chloride at Cu(110): Atom-Resolved Time-Dependent Evidence for Transient States in the Formation of the "Final State" Stable Chloride Overlayer A. F. Carley, P. R. Davies, K. R. Harikumar, R. V. Jones and M. Wyn Roberts, 479,
Chapter 28 Recent Advances in Single-Site Photocatalysts Constructed within Microporous and Mesoporous Materials Masakazu Anpo and Masaya Matsuoka, 492,
Chapter 29 Structural Organization of Catalytic Functions in Mo-Based Selective Oxidation Catalysts Masahiro Sadakane and Wataru Ueda, 507,
Chapter 30 Designing Active Sites for Surfaces: From Tightly Bound to Loosely Anchored Thomas Maschmeyer, 519,
Chapter 31 Polynuclear Transition Metal Cluster Complexes Containing Tin Ligands: Precursors to New Heterogeneous Nano-Catalysts Richard D. Adams and Burjor Captain, 534,
Chapter 32 Selective Oxidation Using Gold and Gold–Palladium Nanoparticles Graham J. Hutchings, 550,
Chapter 33 Electronic Factors in Hydrocarbon Oxidation Catalysis Jerzy Haber, 568,
Chapter 34 The Importance of Selectivity in Ammoxidation Catalysis Robert K. Grasselli, 577,
Chapter 35 The Mysteries of Water in Catalyst Preparation: Solvent or Much More? Michel Che, 588,
Chapter 36 Solid Acid Microporous H-SAPO-34: From Early Studies to Perspectives Leonardo Marchese, Gloria Berlier and Salvatore Coluccia, 604,
Chapter 37 Strategically Designed Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts for Clean Technology, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Robert Raja, 623,
Chapter 38 Catalysis by Lewis Acids: Basic Principles for Highly Stereoselective Heterogeneously Catalyzed Cyclization Reactions Mercedes Boronat, Avelino Corma and Michael Renz, 639,
Chapter 39 Recent Advances in XPS of Non-Conductors G. Michael Bancroft, H.W. Nesbitt, V. P. Zakaznova-Herzog and J. S. Tse, 651,
Section D: Electron Microscopy and its Contribution to Chemistry and Material Science,
Chapter 40 Electron Microscopy Studies of Structural Modulation in Micro- and Meso-Porous Crystals Osamu Terasaki, Tetsu Ohsuna, Zheng Liu, Yasuhiro Sakamoto, Keiichi Miyasaka, Nobuhisa Fujita, Nozomu Togashi and Shunai Che, 667,
Chapter 41 Extrapolating from Fifty Years of Dislocation Imaging – Reaching into the Core Archie Howie, 687,
Chapter 42 Turning Points in Understanding the Emission of Brilliant Light from Highly Defective GaN-Based Materials and Devices Colin J. Humphreys, 698,
Chapter 43 Electron Tomography: A 3D View of Catalysts and Nanoscale Structures Paul A. Midgley, 711,
Chapter 44 Nano and Mesoporous Materials: A Study by HREM José M. González-Calbet, M. Luisa Ruiz-González and María Vallet-Regí, 727,
Chapter 45 In Situ Direct Observation at Atomic Scale Twinning Transformations and the Formation of Carbon Nanostructures in WC Pratibha L. Gai, C. C. Torardi and E. D. Boyes, 745,
Chapter 46 A Survey of the Bi2O3-MoO3 Binary System Douglas J. Buttrey, 754,
Chapter 47 An Investigation of the Surface Structure of Nanoparticulate Systems Using Analytical Electron Microscopes Corrected for Spherical Aberration Rik Brydson and Andy Brown, 778,
Closing Chapter,
Chapter 48 Design and Chance in My Scientific Research John Meurig Thomas, 795,
Appendices: Tributes to Sir John Meurig Thomas,
Appendix 1 Tribute to John Meurig Thomas on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday David Buckingham, 853,
Appendix 2 John Meurig Thomas and the Royal Institution John Waterlow, 855,
Appendix 3 Sir John Meurig Thomas: An Unforgettable Person John D. Roberts, 856,
Appendix 4 John Meurig Thomas on His 75th Birthday Ralph Kohn, 858,
Appendix 5 Remembering a Period of Work with Sir John Meurig Thomas Gilbert Sloan, 861,
Appendix 6 Reflections on John Meurig Thomas on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday Martin Pope, 863,
Appendix 7 Bangor 19667–1969; Aberystwyth 1969–1973; Some Fond Reflections Stan Moore, 866,
Appendix 8 Aberystwyth 1970–1973. Reflections and Lessons Learnt Gari Owen, 868,
Appendix 9 Molecular Modelling Input to Organic Solid State and Zeolite Chemistry: Reminiscences (1975-84) S. Ramdas, 872,
Appendix 10 Reflections of a Cambridge Undergraduate Angus Kirkland, 876,
Appendix 11 Sir John Meurig Thomas Brian Johnson, 879,
Appendix 12 Getting the Details Correct David Jefferson, 881,
Appendix 13 Tribute to Sir John Meurig Thomas on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday Gordon M. Parkinson, 883,
Appendix 14 Solid State Chemistry and the Edward Davies Chemical Laboratories Bill Jones, 885,
Subject Index, 887,
CHAPTER 1
Voyages with the Master
AHMED H. ZEWAIL
Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
When I arrived in Philadelphia in August of 1969,I knew only of John Meurig Thomas the scientist. For more than three decades since then I have had the privilege of knowing John the scientist, the friend, and the communicator. In each of these dimensions, John is a Master. And he has one more unparalleled fourth dimension – a brilliant memory and a mental hard disk with unlimited storage capacity! Very few scientists are as versatile as John in his cross-linking of different science disciplines, and as cultured as he is in other facets of life – even in sports he was, as a schoolboy, the walking-race champion of Wales, and was also a member of the University of Wales cricket team in 1955.
My first encounter with John was in June of 1970 at the Molecular Crystal Symposium organized by Robin Hochstrasser in Philadelphia at the Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter (LRSM). Among the stars present were Aleksander Davydov, Don McClure, Jan van der Waals, Hans Christoph Wolf, Wilse Robinson, and others. What John presented was his studies of dislocations in organic crystals and their vital role in determining optical and electrical properties. As a beginner, I was unaware of the totality of his impact in the field, but what impressed me most was his masterful presentation which he delivered with clarity, eloquence, and scholarly intellect. This memorable experience at the conference prompted me to squeeze myself in between the stars (Figure 1) in order to have a picture in the proximity of the world-renowned Davydov and to have a few words with John. Of course, at my level, the discussion was primarily about his enchantment with Egypt which he explored later in 1973 as a Visiting Professor at the American University in Cairo.
By the time of the eighth conference in the same series, organized in June of 1977 by Mostafa El Sayed (Figure 2), I was an invited speaker and went to Santa Barbara from Caltech, where I had been appointed as an Assistant Professor. John was there, also as an invited speaker, and again he delivered a powerful presentation. To this day I can recall the way John presented his work and particularly the way he handled the Chair of his session. In a preemptive strike designed to secure more time for himself he said, "Mr. Chairman, I am about to finish," meaning he needed another five minutes or more! At this meeting I realized one of John's most impressive traits – his expansive thirst for knowledge and his resulting interest in broad areas of science in general and scientists in particular. This was certainly true in my case. At the conference, I spoke about the phenomena of "optical coherence" in molecular crystals and the new techniques for direct probing, in a talk titled, "Optical dephasing and radiationless transitions in molecular crystals." Instantly, John became interested and asked me numerous questions with a display of genuine excitement about the development, even though it was not his area of primary interest.
We did not cross paths again for some time, until a meeting at the Royal Society in London in February of 1990. In this discussion meeting, during which John presented his Bakerian lecture (on new crystalline catalysts), I gave a lecture titled "Femtosecond reaction dynamics," and John again was aware of the research in this area. Following the lecture, he invited me for lunch where he told me a story and made a prediction. The story relates to our 1987 publication with Marcos Dantus and Mark Rosker on the direct observation of the transition state with femtosecond time resolution. John discussed the paper with his students at the Royal Institution (RI) (in particular, Kenneth Harris) and described it to them as a historic landmark paper. The prediction was that the work was deserving of the Nobel Prize. John was serious and I trusted his sincerity. But what was so unique was that he actually read the paper and appreciated the value of a contribution that was far from his own field of endeavor. In fact, he zoomed in on the central concept of coherence in observing atomic motions; a difficult concept to grasp, even for some experts.
It was at this meeting that I earned an invitation from John, as Director of the RI, to give the Faraday Discourse, enticing me – typical of John! – by mentioning the names of previous speakers from Caltech such as Robert Millikan, George Ellery Hale, Linus Pauling, and Murray Gell-Mann. John and his beloved wife, Margaret, were truly gracious hosts at the RI. With John as Director, the Faraday Discourse on March 22, 1991 was an experience organized in the true tradition of the place and the history it had integrated over time. Even though I knew the former Director, George Porter, for many years, this was my first time as an invited lecturer. In the Director's flat, Margaret arranged a lovely dinner in the company of David and Jill Buckingham, Sir Brian and Lady Pippard, Sir Geoffrey and Lady Wilkinson, and Lord and Lady Dainton (formerly Sir Fredrick Dainton). A few minutes before the lecture I was locked in a small room, literally a "Faraday cage." But just before caging me, John handed me a postcard of Sir James Dewar of liquid hydrogen fame on the back of which he had written the names of the three Nobelists from Caltech who had been in a similar situation, with John again making his obvious implication!
At exactly 9:00 p.m., John and I, in our tuxedos, walked together into the theatre as its double doors opened, and I began the lecture. The Discourse was held in the same place Michael Faraday lectured, and it surely radiated past achievements and displayed a sense of history, and John fitted in well among the previous Directors, Davy, Faraday, Bragg (Sir Lawrence), and Porter. Eadweard Muybridge gave a discourse on "animals in motion", on March 13, 1882, at which T. H. Huxley and the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson were present. We found his discourse demonstration of a slotted drum which, upon rotation, shows the animated horse in motion. I had thought of relating my discourse to motion, but now to the motion of atoms, with the title, "Filming in a millionth of a billionth of a second." The theatre was packed and I thought of embarrassing John, but without success. I mentioned that the only way I could explain the full attendance was that the Director must have promised them a discourse by Omar Sharif. John led the audience with a big laugh!
Since that time, I have greatly enjoyed both my scientific and personal interactions with John. I have become increasingly aware of his extraordinary ability to look at the big picture of science and humanity and in his genuine interest in popularizing science. His book on Faraday and his writings on Humphry Davy, Lawrence Bragg, and Max Perutz are examples of his devotion to the service of knowledge and his brilliant mastery of the English language – with a strong, attractive Welsh accent! In fact, I have two bulky files loaded with John's outside-of-science writings. But, John is also a caring fellow scientist. He has written many obituaries and given the eulogies of distinguished scientists to salute their contributions to science and society. I have repeatedly told John to write my obituary in advance as I know it will be exceptional! He is also a cultured man in music, art, and history. John does all of these activities while maintaining passionate interest in his own science with pioneering contributions over six decades of research at the University of Wales, in Bangor and Aberystwyth, University of Cambridge, and the RI.
John is distinguished for his innovative and diverse contributions, from solid state chemistry to heterogeneous catalysis, including the study of nanostruct-ures, long before they became popular! He and his co-workers have designed, synthesized, and characterized hundreds of new heterogeneous catalysts. He has also developed and applied a wide range of tools for the study of solids and their surfaces, zeolites, clays, and other analogs. With these techniques, he has elucidated the importance of the structure in the function. The methods involved include high-resolution electron microscopy, electron diffraction, synchrotron radiation, solid-state NMR, photoelectron spectroscopy, and computational techniques. At present, with Paul Midgley and others, he is pioneering powerful ex situtechniques, such as nanotomography and nano-holography, for studying solids. Moreover, he has established in situ methods for investigating solid catalysts, the result of which, through his "single-site" solid catalysts, provide strategies that are applicable in the design of new catalysts for a wide range of reactions. Earlier, John was a leader in elucidating the manner in which the surface and bulk properties of crystals are influenced by structural imperfections, notably dislocations. This work on dislocations was critical to the understanding of physical, chemical, and spectral properties of crystals such as graphite, layered minerals, and molecular solids.
His interest in diffraction and microscopy turned out to be the first scientific bonding we had. In 1991, the same year I gave the Faraday Discourse, I proposed ultrafast diffraction as a method for structural dynamics. Without delay, in the same year, John wrote a "News and Views" piece in Nature titled "Femtosecond diffraction." Towards the end of the piece, he concluded with the following words: "If the experiment does indeed prove successful, it will mark the dawn of an important new era ..." It took one decade (2001), and developments over several generations of instruments, to transform a dream into reality, from the exploration of the potential of the approach to the explosion of the applications in real experimental determination of isolated transient molecular structures.
Excerpted from Turning Points in Solid-State, Materials and Surface Science by Kenneth D M Harris, Peter P. Edwards. Copyright © 2008 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Excerpted by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
