Tutorials on Motion Perception

From August 24-29, 1980 the international "Symposium on the Study of Motion Perception; Recent Developments and Applications", sponsored by NATO and organized by the editors of this book, was held in Veldhoven, the Netherlands. The meeting was attended by about eighty scholars, including psychologists, neurologists, physicists and other scientists, from fourteen different countries. During the symposium some fifty research papers were presented and a series of tutorial review papers were read and discussed. The research presentations have been published in a special issue of the international journal of psychonomics "Acta Psychologica" (Vol. 48, 1981). The present book is a compilation of the tutorial papers. The tutorials were arranged around early versions of the chapters now appearing in this book. The long discussions at the Veldhoven tutorial sessions resulted in extensive revisions of the texts prior to this publication. Unfortunately this led to a delay in publication, but we feel that this was justified by a greater depth of understanding which, in our opinion, has significantly increased the quality of the book. As they now stand, the chapters cover most of the issues relevant to the study of motion perception. Also they clearly reflect the intensive exchange of knowledge that took place during the symposium. As such we think that this book can be used both as an advanced text for students and scientists alike and as a comprehensive reference source.

Eye Movement and Motion Perception.- Summary.- 1. Three Stimuli for Motion Compared.- 2. Paths that Result from a Combination of Independent Motion Processes.- 3. Comparison of Three Stimuli for Motion Continued.- 4. Compensatory Eye Movement.- 5. Adaptation as Changed Evaluation of Compensatory Eye Movements.- References.- Visual Space Perception Through Motion.- Summary.- 1. Proximal Stimulus as an Optic Flow.- 1.1. About experimental policy and terminology.- 2. About the Perceptual Vector Analysis as Demonstrated in Object Motion Research.- 2.1. Perception of self-motion and a stationary environment.- 2.2. Wide angle stimulation and perception of the environment.- 2.3. About absolute visual measures of the environment.- 3. About Perception of the Environment as a Fundamental Frame of Reference for Visual Perception.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- Thresholds of Motion Perception.- 1. A Classification of Motion Displays.- 1.1. Single Motion.- 1.1.1. Continuous Single Motion.- 1.1.2. Discrete Single Motion.- 1.1.3. Stop-go-stop Single Motion.- 1.2. Oscillatory Motion.- 1.2.1. Continuous Oscillatory Motion.- 1.2.2. Discrete Oscillatory Motion.- 1.2.3. Stop-go-stop Oscillatory Motion.- 1.3. Frequency Motion.- 1.3.1. Frequency Motion Generally Treated as Single Motion.- 1.3.2. Drifting Gratings.- 1.3.3. Temporal Shift of Phase.- 2. Assumptions and Processes in Motion Detection.- 2.1. Variables for Thresholds.- 2.2. Motion Detection: Two Analysing Systems.- 3. Experimental Findings.- 3.1. Spatio-Temporal Sensitivity for Motion Detection.- 3.1.1. Flashing Standing Sine-waves.- 3.1.2. Flickering Standing Sine-waves.- 3.1.3. Traveling Sine-waves.- 3.1.4. A Spatial Frequency x Velocity Trade-off?.- 3.2. Processing Velocity vs. Processing Amplitude.- 3.3. Further Considerations.- 3.3.1. Processing Stationary Positions.- 3.3.2. The Role of Stationary Marks.- 3.3.3. Size of the Moving Target.- 3.3.4. Velocity Threshold of Drifting Gratings.- 4. Effects of Retinal Eccentricity.- 4.1. Psychophysical receptive fields and the Magnification factor.- 4.2. Effects of stationary marks and stationary positions.- 4.3. The peripheral retina specialized for motion detection.- 4.4. Self motion sensitivity.- 5. Conclusions.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Psychophysics of Motion Perception.- Summary.- 1. Stimuli and Dependent Measures.- 2. Elements of a Model.- 3. Extensions to the Simple Model.- 4. Studies of Stimulus Uncertainty.- References.- Visual Localization and Eye Movements.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Fundamental Problem of Visual Localization.- 1.2. Glossary.- 1.3. Two Types of Failure of Cancellation Theories.- 1.4. Brief Statement of the Main Failure (type A) of Cancellation Theory and an Important Success.- 1.5. Defining Visual Localization.- 2. Theories of Perceptual Stability.- 2.1. Cancellation Theories.- 2.2. Information-theoretic or Cognitive Approaches.- 2.3. Dual-suppression Theory of Spatial Localization.- 3. Localization with Steady Gaze.- 3.1. Normal Observers.- 3.1.1. Visual Localization Relative to Visual Norms.- 3.1.2. Visual Localization of Two Simultaneously-Presented Targets.- 3.1.3. Visual Localization of Two Sequentially-Presented Targets.- 3.1.4. Intersensory Localization.- 3.1.5. Sensory/motor Localization.- 3.2. Experimentally Paralyzed Observers.- 3.2.1. Visual Localization Relative to Visual Norms.- 3.2.2. Intersensory Localization.- 3.2.3. Sensory/motor Localization.- 4. On Separating Visual Localization from Sensory/Motor Localization.- 5. Localization in the Presence of Saccadic Eye Movements.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Cancellation is Not Needed for Stable Visual Localization in the Presence of Saccades in Structured Visual Fields.- 5.3. Three Problems for Perceptual Stability in the Presence of Saccades.- 5.4. Type B (Saccadic) Suppression of Visibility.- 5.5. A Failure of Cancellation Theory: Saccades.- 5.6. Spatiotemporal Characteristics of EEPI Used for Visual Localization in the Presence of Saccades in Darkness.- 5.7. Influence of Visual Persistence on Visual Localization in the Presence of Saccades.- 5.8. Influence of Visual Background on Visual Localization in the Presence of Saccades.- 5.9. Type B (Saccadic) Suppression for Perception of Displacement.- 5.10. Parametric Adjustment and Visual Localization.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- 6.1. Unfinished Business.- 6.2. Structured Visual Fields, Sight of Ones Own Body, and Differences Between Visual Localization in the Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions.- Footnotes.- References.- Linear Self Motion Peception.- 1. Role of the Otoliths in Linear Self Motion Perception.- 1.1. Specific Stimuli for the Otolith Receptors.- 1.2. Non-otolithic Contribution to Self Motion Perceptionin Darkness.- 1.2.1. Semi-circular Canals.- 1.2.2. Somatosensory System.- 1.2.3. Auditory Cues.- 1.3. Threshold Measurements.- 1.4. Interaxis Differences.- 1.5. Dynamics of Vestibular Linear Motion Perception.- 1.5.1. Dynamics Inferred from Threshold Experiments.- 1.5.2. Dynamics Inferred from Suprathreshold Experiments.- 2. Models of Linear Motion Perception of Otolithic Origin.- 2.1. Afferent Processing.- 2.1.1. End Organ Mechanical System.- 2.1.2. Transducer and Afferent Processing.- 2.2. Central Processing.- 2.2.1. Central Processing of Otolith Signals.- 2.2.2. Intravestibular Interactions.- 3. The Perception of Self Motion Induced by the Visual System.- 3.1. Physical Input of the Retina during Linear Motion: “Optic Flow”.- 3.1.1. Optic Flow in a Subject Moving in a Stationary Rigid World.- 3.1.2. Role of Eye Movements.- 3.2. Linear Vection.- 3.2.1. Methods.- 3.2.2. Basic Features of Linear Vection (LV).- 3.3. Modeling of Linear Vection.- 4. Visual Vestibular Interaction in Linear Self Motion Perception.- 4.1. Influence of Otolithic Stimulation on Eye Movements.- 4.1.1. Eye Movements in the Dark.- 4.1.2. Eye Movements in the Light.- 4.2. Influence of Linear Acceleration on Perceived Image Velocity.- 4.3. Modeling Visual Vestibular Interactions.- References.- Neural Substrates of the Visual Perception of Movement.- 1. Definitions.- 1.1. Real Movement.- 1.2. Apparent Movement.- 1.3. Temporal Response.- 1.4. Stimulus Dimensions.- 2. Criteria for Establishing the Neural Substrates of Movement Perception.- 2.1. Direct Methods.- 2.2. Indirect Measurement Methods.- 3. Experimental Data.- 3.1. Neurons that Respond to Moving Stimuli.- 3.2. Neurons that Respond to Special Classes of Movement.- 3.3. Neurons that Respond Differentially to Self-Induced Movement.- 3.4. Selective Ablation Studies.- 4. Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Implications of Recent Developments in Dynamic Spatial Orientation and Visual Resolution for Vehicle Guidance.- 1. The Two Modes of Processing Concept.- 2. The Multisensory Nature of Spatial Orientation.- 3. Anomalous Myopias and The Intermediate Dark-Focus Ofaccommodation.- 4. Some Implications for Selection, Licensing, and Training.- 4.1. Night and Space Myopia.- 4.2. Individual Differences in the Effectiveness of Spatial Orientation Stimuli.- 4.3. Contrast Sensitivity Function.- 4.4. Fixational Stability.- 4.5. Visual Vestibular Interactions.- 4.6. Aircraft Simulation Design.- 4.7. Motor Skills.- References.