The UNIX¿ System Guidebook

Well suited to medium-scale general purpose computing, the Unix time­ sharing operating system is deservedly popular with academic institutions, research laboratories, and commercial establishments alike. Its user com­ munity, until recently a brotherhood of experienced computer profes­ sionals, it now attracting many people concerned with computer appli­ cations rather than the computer systems themselves. This book is intended for that new audience, people who have never encountered the Unix system before but who do have some acquaintance with computing. While helping beginning users get started is the primary aim of this book, it is also intended to serve as a handy reference subsequently. However, it is not designed to replace the definitive Unix system docu­ mentation. Unix operating systems now installed in computing centers, offices, and personal computers come in three related but distinct breeds: Seventh Edition Unix, Berkeley 4.2 BSD, and System V. These differ from each other in details, even though their family resemblance is strong. This book emphasizes System V, while paying heed to its two popular cousins. It also includes a few facilities in wide use, but not included in the normal system releases. Individual details, of course, must be found in the manuals supplied with each system.

1. Introduction.- A Multimachine Operating System.- System Characteristics.- Portability.- Past and Future.- Ancient History.- Unix Goes Public.- The Modern Age.- Versions and Derivatives.- Through a Glass Darkly.- Getting Acquainted with Unix.- Things to Read.- Typographic and Lexical Curios.- Using This Book.- 2. Getting Started.- Communicating with the System.- The System Manager.- User Names and Passwords.- Logging In.- Logging Out.- The Terminal.- Typing at the Keyboard.- Running the System.- Commands.- Files ad File Names.- Wild-Card File Names.- A Session at the Terminal.- Writing and Running Programs.- Running Fortran Programs.- The vi Text Editor.- Creating and Modifying Text.- Sample Terminal Session.- 3. Files in the Unix System.- The Unix System File Structure.- Ordinary Disk Files.- Special Files.- Directories.- Directory Hierarchies.- File Names and Paths.- Extensions and Suffixes.- The System Directory Structure.- Working with the File Structure.- Changing Directories.- File Access Permissions.- Keeping Track of Directories.- Directory Listings.- Altering Access Permissions.- Moving and Removing Files.- File Location and Identification.- Archives and Libraries.- Removable File Volumes.- Extending the File Structure.- The mount and umount Commands.- Making New File Structures.- Working with Floppy Disks.- Restrictions on Removable Volumes.- Backup Files.- 4. Unix Command Shells.- Issuing Commands.- Basic Shell Action.- Form of Shell Commands.- Multitasking and Waiting.- Standard Files.- Pipes and Pipelines.- Input Handling by the Shell.- Input Buffering.- Errors and Error Correction.- Characters Given Special Treatment.- Protection of Special Characters.- Argument Echoing.- Resetting Terminal Parameters.- The Shell Programming Language.- Shell Programs.- Shell Scripts.- Parameter Passing.- Conditional Execution.- Testing for Exit Status.- Repeated Program Loops.- Shell Variables.- for … do Loops.- Running the Unix Shells.- Customizing the Bourne Shell.- History and the C Shell.- Aliases and Commands.- Customizing the C Shell.- Choosing the Right Shell.- 5. The System Kernel.- Nature of the Kernel.- Functions of the Kernel.- Kernel Structure.- System Calls.- System Standards.- Process Coordination and Management.- Process Initiation.- A Process Hierarchy.- Memory Allocation.- Time and Resource Sharing.- fork, execl, and wait.- Effective User Identification.- cron the Clock Daemon.- Input and Output Operations.- Device Independence.- First Level Interrupt Handling.- Special Files: Block and Character.- Physical Structure of Files.- Sequential and Random Access.- Input-Output Buffering.- Mechanisms for File Access.- File Identification.- 6. Facilities and Utilities.- Communications.- Mail Services.- Sending Mail.- Immediate Messages.- Two-Way Communication.- Logging in Elsewhere.- File Management.- Copying Files.- Display and Examination.- Printing Services.- File Sorting.- Comparing Files.- Filtering Files.- Controlling File Size.- Other General Utilities.- Timed Requests.- System Documentation.- 7. Editing with vi and ed.- Text Editors.- Using the vi Text Editor.- Starting and Running vi.- The vi Screen Display.- Communicating with vi.- Editor Commands.- Local Commands.- Text Insertion.- Command Repetition.- Erasure and Replacement.- Text Markers.- Range Commands.- Command Structure.- Target Types.- Range Specification.- Moving the Editing Cursor.- Deletion of Text.- Moving and Copying Text.- Changing Text.- Delete and Save Buffers.- Global Commands in vi.- Undoing.- Exiting.- Using ex Commands from vi.- Passing Commands to ex.- Reading, Writing, and Filing.- Reaching for Another Shell.- Customizing vi.- Abbreviations.- Command Macros.- Options.- The .exrc File.- Text Entry with vi.- Computer Programming with vi.- The ed Line Editor.- Line Numbers.- Editor Commands.- Pointer Manipulation and Text Examination.- Inserting, Appending, and Deleting Text.- String Searching and Replacing.- Cut and Paste Operations.- File Handling by the Editor.- 8. Text Preparation and Processing.- Tools and Facilities.- Text Files and Processes.- Text Formatting Programs.- Programs for Writers.- The nroff Text Formatter.- The nroff Command Language.- Basic nroff Requests.- Filling and Adjusting.- Page Layout.- Hyphenation.- Margin Characters.- Using nroff to Advantage.- Defining and Using Macros.- Traps, Headers, and Page Numbers.- Strings and Number Registers.- Diversions.- Standard Macro Libraries.- Other Text Formatting Programs.- The troff Text Formatter.- Equation Processing with eqn and neqn.- Table Manipulation with tbl.- Spelling and Typographic Errors.- The Dictionary Check.- Running spell.- Typographic Errors.- style and diction.- Readability Grades.- Sentence Analysis.- Word Usage.- Phrasing and Style.- Practical Use of style and diction.- 9. Languages and Compilers.- Programming Languages Available.- Structured Languages.- Fortran.- A Veritable Babel.- Fortran 77.- The f77 Fortran 77 Compiler.- Non-Unix Fortran Compilers.- Running Fortran Programs.- Textual Extensions to Fortran 77.- Extensions to Language Scope.- Fortran 77 Input and Output.- Fortran 77 Rule Violations.- Ratfor: A Rational Fortran.- The ratfor Preprocessor.- Program Text Formatting in Ratfor.- Statement Groups and if Statements.- Program Loops in Ratfor.- Text Insertions and Substitutions.- Ambiguity and Duplication.- Using ratfor.- Reverse Processing with struct.- Non-Unix Ratfor.- The C Language.- General Characteristics of C.- Structure of C Programs.- Constants, Variables, and Pointers.- Arithmetic and Logical Operations.- Structures.- Input and Output with C.- The C Preprocessor.- Compiling, Assembling, and Loading.- The Id Loader.- The cc and f77 Commands.- The Process Option Hierarchy.- Program Archives.- Berkeley Pascal.- Structure of the Pascal System.- Interpreted Pascal.- Compiled Pascal.- Error Flagging.- Execution Profiling.- Program Tidying.- Basic.- Expressions, Names, and Statements.- Running bas.- Assembler Language Programming.- Assemblers under Unix.- 10. A Selected Command Set.- Definitions of Commands.- A Selection of Commands.- Summary of Common Commands.- 11. An Annotated Bibliography.- Books.- Elementary Books.- General Books.- Manuals and Standards.- Specialized Books.- Books on Allied Subjects.- Periodicals.- Articles.- Appendix. The ASCII Character Set.- Character Names.- Command Index.