Abbreviations, Symbols and Units Used in Text, xv, 
Glossary of Battery Terms, xix, 
Chapter 1 Energy Storage in Batteries, 1, 
Part 1: Know Your Battery, 9, 
Chapter 2 How a Battery Operates, 10, 
Chapter 3 How to Choose a Battery, 22, 
Chapter 4 How to Charge a Secondary Battery, 34, 
Part 2: Primary Batteries, 52, 
Chapter 5 Zinc Primary Batteries, 53, 
Chapter 6 Lithium Primary Batteries, 70, 
Chapter 7 Specialized Primary Batteries, 82, 
Part 3: Rechargeable Batteries, 97, 
Chapter 8 Lead–Acid Batteries, 100, 
Chapter 9 Alkaline Batteries, 126, 
Chapter 10 Lithium Batteries, 143, 
Chapter 11 Advanced Rechargeable Batteries and Capacitors, 163, 
Chapter 12 Some Applications for Secondary Batteries, 188, 
Recommended Reading, 216, 
Subject Index, 220,

CHAPTER 1

Energy Storage in Batteries

1.1 BATTERIES – THEIR HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

A battery is a chemical device for the storage of electricity. Since electricity cannot be stored directly (except in electrolytic capacitors or superconducting coils, both of which have major technical and economic limitations) it is necessary to utilize an indirect form of storage. Possibilities include the conversion of electrical energy into potential energy (pumped-hydro schemes), kinetic energy (flywheels), thermal energy (night storage heaters), or chemical energy. One form of chemical energy is hydrogen, generated by electrolysis, which may be stored and subsequently converted back into electricity in a fuel cell. Electrolysers and fuel cells are, like batteries, electrochemical energy-conversion devices. Electrolysers play an important role in the chemical industry (for instance, in the production of chlorine and caustic soda and of metals such as aluminium and copper), while fuel cells are assuming ever greater importance for localized electricity generation, combined heat and power schemes, and as power sources for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Electrolysers and fuel cells, however, lie outside the scope of the present book.

The convenience of batteries lies in the wide range of sizes in which they may be manufactured or assembled into packs, their ability to supply electrical power instantly, their portability (for smaller sizes), and the option of single-use or multiple-use units. The last-mentioned feature provides a useful means for classifying the many different battery systems into two broad categories: (i) 'primary batteries', which utilize the chemicals once only, in a single discharge, and then are thrown away; (ii) 'secondary batteries', which may be recharged and used again. With the latter batteries, the charging process involves the uptake of electricity and the conversion of the chemicals back into their original forms, so that they are available for a further discharge. Thus, battery charging is a special form of electrolytic process. The discharge-charge cycle may be repeated until the secondary battery deteriorates and its capacity to store charge falls below a practical level. Secondary batteries used to be known as 'accumulators' but the term has largely dropped out of use, at least in the English language. It is quite common (and acceptable) for secondary batteries to be referred to as 'rechargeable batteries'.

It is just 200 years since the invention of the first battery. This has been ascribed to Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), Professor of Natural Philosophy (physics) at the University of Pavia in Italy. His name is commemorated for all time by the unit of electrical potential, the volt. Volta's famous experiment, described in a letter to the Royal Society of London in 1800, consisted of assembling a pile of alternate silver (or brass or copper) and zinc (or tin) discs, with each pair of dissimilar metals separated from the next by a piece of cloth which was saturated with brine. One end of the pile terminated in a silver disc and the other in a zinc disc, and a continuous current of electricity was produced as soon as the two were connected by a wire conductor. This was the first galvanic, or primary, battery and became known as 'Volta's pile'. Batteries have come a long way in 200 years! It is interesting to note that the French word for battery ('la pile') stems directly from Volta's device.

The next significant step in the development of batteries was the invention of the Daniell cell by John Daniell (1790–1845), Professor of Chemistry at King's College, London. In 1836, Daniell took a copper vessel filled with copper sulfate solution and in it immersed a gullet of an ox. This unusual, and somewhat repugnant, receptacle contained a solution of sulfuric acid and a vertical zinc rod. Discharge of the resulting cell caused the zinc electrode to dissolve and copper to be deposited at the positive electrode. The cell gave a voltage of 1.1 V. This was possibly the first practical galvanic cell to give a continuous current of useful magnitude. Further modifications (Figure 1.1) included the use of porous ceramic pots ('separators') instead of animal membranes, substitution of sulfuric acid by zinc or magnesium sulfate, and the development of multi-cell batteries. Daniell cells were adopted by commercial telegraphic systems following a rapid expansion of such services in the early 1850s.

A subsequent major advance was made by the French chemist Georges Leclanche (1839–1882) who, in 1866, invented the primary cell which bears his name (see Section 5.1, Chapter 5). This consists of a zinc rod as the negative electrode and a carbon rod as the positive electrode, both immersed in a solution of ammonium chloride contained in a glass jar. The positive electrode was housed in an inner porous ceramic pot and packed around with a mixture of powdered manganese dioxide and carbon. The cell, which has been extensively developed ever since, gives a voltage of 1.5 V. A major advance took place in the late 19th century when the idea of using a zinc can as both container and electrode was patented and came into general use.

Before the invention of these galvanic cells, the only electricity known and available was static electricity, as produced by friction between dissimilar materials or in thunderstorms. The first recorded electrostatic machine was made in 1663 by the German physicist Otto von Guericke (1602–1686). In 1797, George Pearson (1751–1828) reported that in order to electrolyse water the electrostatic machine had to be discharged 14 600 times, and then produced only about 5.5 ml of a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Not surprisingly, therefore, the availability of a continuous current from a galvanic cell caused a revolution in technology. It formed the basis of telegraphy and of the electric door bell, and later of radio reception. In the chemical field, the supply of electricity allowed the development of electroplating, electroforming and, for the first time, the electrolytic extraction of metals such as sodium, potassium, and calcium. Copper, for use in electrical equipment, could be purified by electrorefining.

The first effective demonstration of a secondary (rechargeable) cell was given in 1859 by the French chemist Gaston Plante (1834–1889). This cell consisted of two concentric spirals of lead sheet, separated by porous cloth and immersed in dilute sulfuric acid within a cylindrical glass vessel [Figure 1.2(a)]. The lead–acid battery' gave an output of 2 V, but very little current initially because of the low surface area of the plates. By a series of discharges and charges, the chemical reactions at the surface of the plates resulted in the gradual build-up of deposits of higher surface area and the current progressively improved. This became known as the 'formation process', a term still used today in the initial charging of lead–acid batteries. In March 1860, Planté presented a battery often cells (20 V) to the Académie Française in Paris; an illustration of an early battery of Planté cells is shown in Figure 1.2(b).

An important advance in the technology of the lead–acid battery was achieved by the French chemical engineer Camille Fauré (1840–1898) who, in 1881, showed how the level of electrical charge, or the 'capacity', of the system could be greatly increased by coating the lead plates with a paste of lead dioxide and sulfuric acid. This process also reduced the time of plate formation from months to hours, and thus became part of the basic technology of the lead–acid battery industry. Without the ingenuity of Planté and Fauré, car engines would still be started by hand cranking!

Around the turn of the 19th century, the first work on batteries with alkaline solutions was reported. In Sweden, Waldemar Jungner (1869–1924) took out a patent for a 'nickel–cadmium battery'. This had a positive electrode of nickel hydroxide and, as the negative, a mixture of cadmium and iron powders. The electrodes were immersed in a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide. At about the same time, Thomas Edison (1847–1931), who was working independently in the USA, developed and patented the 'nickel–iron battery'. This system was similar in principle, except that it used an all-iron negative electrode rather than a cadmium–iron mixture. Both cells gave 1.2 V. There was considerable rivalry between the two inventors when they learnt of each other's work and patent suits ensued. Ultimately, both alkaline batteries were brought into commercial use (see Sections 9.3 and 9.4, Chapter 9). These, in outline, were the principal discoveries of the 19th century upon which the modern battery industry is founded.

The 20th century has seen major advances in battery science and technology. Primary zinc (Leclanché) batteries have been greatly improved by the invention of alkaline batteries (Chapter 5), while advances in materials technology and cell design have revolutionized the performance of the lead–acid battery (Chapter 8). Entirely new secondary batteries have been developed and commercialized, notably the nickel–metal-hydride battery (Chapter 9) and the lithium-ion battery (Chapter 10). Many batteries for specialized applications are now manufactured, and these are introduced throughout this book. Finally, there are a number of secondary batteries in an advanced stage of development, but not yet fully commercialized (Chapter 11). Certainly, at the beginning of a new millennium, battery science and development is flourishing.

1.2 BATTERY APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS

In the 1940s, the principal domestic uses for batteries were in pocket torches (flashlamps), in a few toys, in vehicles (for starting, lighting and ignition), and in radios. Before the advent of transistors and solid-state electronics, when thermionic valves (tubes) were used in radios, it was necessary to have a source of low-voltage electricity to heat the filament and a d.c. high voltage to accelerate electrons between the cathode and the anode of the valve. Many radios in those days were remote from the electricity supply and in such circumstances two batteries were required, namely, a 2 V lead–acid 'accumulator' to supply the filament current and a 'high tension' battery consisting of 100 or 120 Leclanché cells wired in series to supply the high d.c. voltage. The radio weighed several kilograms, had to be maintained in an upright position to avoid spillage of acid, and was anything but 'portable'. No doubt there were other applications for batteries in industry and commerce, for example emergency lighting and back-up for the primitive telephone systems of the day.

Over the past 50 years, the applications for small sealed batteries in the home (consumer batteries) have expanded phenomenally. Today, small primary or rechargeable batteries are employed in a huge number of appliances. Some examples are as follows.

• Household: telephones, clock-radios, security alarms, smoke detectors, portable fluorescent lamps, torches and lanterns, door-chimes, car central-locking activators.

• Workshop and garden: portable tools (e.g., screwdrivers, drills, sanders), portable test meters, hedge trimmers, lawnmowers.

• Entertainment: portable radios and televisions, compact disc players, tape recorders, remote controllers for televisions and videos, electronic games and toys, keyboards.

• Personal hygiene and health: toothbrushes, bathroom scales, hair trimmers, shavers, blood-pressure monitors, hearing aids, heart pacemakers.

• Portable electronic devices: watches and clocks, cameras, camcorders, calculators, organizers, mobile telephones, laptop and notebook computers, bar-code readers.

The average family may now have as many as 40 to 60 consumer batteries at any one time in and around the home. Many of these will be batteries of advanced design and construction that give greatly improved performance as a result of developments in materials science and technology. Although most small consumer batteries are still of the primary ('throw-away') variety, there is a growing trend to adopt rechargeable batteries as being more economical.

Moving to larger secondary batteries, principally lead–acid, there has been a growth in the market for engine-starter batteries to mirror the growth in transport. Every internal combustion engine – whether it be in a car, a van or truck, a bus, a ship, an aircraft, or even a static engine – requires a starter battery. In the road transport market, these used to be known as 'starting, lighting, ignition (SLI) batteries' to mirror their principal functions. With vehicles becoming ever more sophisticated, the required number of electric motors and other electrical facilities has mushroomed. The demands upon the battery have grown correspondingly, to the point that soon it may be necessary to fit two batteries to the private car; one battery for engine starting, the other for running the auxiliaries (see Section 8.3.5, Chapter 8). These developments have resulted in a change in name from 'SLI batteries' to 'automotive batteries' to reflect the many other functions of the modern car battery.

There has been a similar proliferation in the demand for very large, installed battery packs. Almost every public building (airports, hospitals, hotels, railway stations, stores and supermarkets, etc.) must have an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and this requires a battery pack to take over seamlessly when the mains supply fails, until such time as a local generator can be started. Most aircraft, factories, office blocks, ships, telephone exchanges and even power stations have their own uninterruptible supply. Other applications for large primary or rechargeable batteries are in the defence field (missiles, submarine traction batteries, torpedoes), in space vehicles (satellites, space probes), in solar energy storage (cathodic protection systems, electric fences, navigation beacons, remote-area power supplies, telecommunications, water pumping), and in electric and hybrid electric vehicles (bicycles, fork-lift trucks, golf-carts, invalid conveyances, specialist road vehicles, tugs and tractors, a few cars). Although many of these applications utilize long-established lead–acid or nickel–cadmium rechargeable batteries, these have been transformed into superior units in recent years by major advances in materials and design. In the past decade, new rechargeable batteries have been introduced into consumer markets. Moreover, there are now specialized batteries with unconventional chemistries for use in the military and the space fields.

The size range of batteries is now enormous. The scale extends from small button cells of energy content ~0.1 Wh, all the way to load-levelling batteries of energy content ~10 MWh. (Note, a battery of energy content 0.1 Wh is theoretically capable of supplying a power of 0.1 watt for an hour, or 1.0 watt for a tenth of an hour, although in practice the recoverable energy does depend upon the discharge rate.) Few other commodities come in such a range of sizes, certainly not pots of paint or packets of cornflakes! Some typical applications for batteries of differing size are given in Table 1.1.

The size and value of the market for different classes of battery is difficult to estimate. The mass markets are in consumer primary and secondary cells, automotive batteries, and in industrial batteries for stationary and mobile power. As long ago as 1989, the annual markets in the USA for primary and secondary batteries were estimated as US$2.3 billion and US$4.2 billion, respectively. In 1991, the world battery market was said to be US$21 billion; 40% by value was supplied by primary batteries and 60% by secondary batteries. Undoubtedly, the market has grown since then. A more recent (1997) estimate gave the world demand for small, consumer secondary cells as a little over two billion units, of value US$3–5 billion. Add to this the huge demand for primary cells and larger rechargeable batteries and it is clear that this is indeed a substantial industry. Moreover, the major expansion of the battery industry in developing nations, such as China, and the present trend towards more sophisticated, higher cost batteries (such as alkaline-manganese primary batteries, and nickel–metal-hydride and lithium-ion secondary batteries) are greatly accelerating the industry turnover. For example, global sales of nickel–metal-hydride batteries have grown from 310 to 800 million units between 1995 and 1998, while sales of lithium-ion batteries have increased from 35 to 280 million units. Today, the battery industry worldwide is a vast business with strong prospects for substantial growth in the near future.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from Understanding Batteries by Ronald M. Dell, David A. J. Rand. Copyright © 2001 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Excerpted by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

"Descrizione articolo" può appartenere a un’altra edizione di questo titolo.

PBShop.store UK

Fairford, GLOS, Regno Unito

Venditore con 5 stelle

Venditore AbeBooks dal 11 giugno 1999

Tariffe di spedizione da Regno Unito a U.S.A.

Articolo	Da 10 a 20 giorni lavorativi	Da 10 a 20 giorni lavorativi
Primo articolo	EUR 6,02	EUR 6,02

I tempi di consegna sono stabiliti dai venditori e variano in base al corriere e al paese. Gli ordini che devono attraversare una dogana possono subire ritardi e spetta agli acquirenti pagare eventuali tariffe o dazi associati. I venditori possono contattarti in merito ad addebiti aggiuntivi dovuti a eventuali maggiorazioni dei costi di spedizione dei tuoi articoli.

Metodi di pagamento

Descrizione dello Store

**Please note our transit times are from the date of dispatch.** We first started out as “The Paperback Exchange,” a chain of physical bookstores where we would part exchange your beloved books for new stories to transport you to faraway places. However, as shopping started to evolve to online shops and marketplaces, we bid our stores goodbye to become “PBShop.” This transition has only allowed us to blossom as we now ship thousands of titles to book lovers across the globe. We pride ourselves in being a community of local book lovers which allows our passion and devotion to shine in everything we do. In 2020 we not only celebrated our 20th birthday but our 1st birthday as being completely employee owned after becoming an E.O.T in September 2019. We are proud to be different and embrace standing apart on a book mountain by working from a virtual inventory which allows us to provide thousands of books that may be difficult to get for your bookshelf or your studies. Working with a number of different suppliers allows us to explore other avenues such as puzzles, sheet music and even stationery so we really do have something for everyone. Life is about being versatile in all realms of existence. If this is your first purchase with us, or you are a returning customer, we would like to welcome you to the PBShop family, for there is no friend as loyal as a book. We are a company who put our customers at the centre of everything we do as we understand the importance of reading because once you learn to read, you will forever be free. There are a whole lot of things in this world of ours that we are yet to explore, which is why we will forever inspire curious minds.…

Specializzazione

Hardbacks, Paperbacks

Informazioni sull’azienda del venditore

Pbshop.co.uk

Unit 22 Horcott Industrial Estate, Horcott Road
Fairford, Regno Unito GL7 4BX

Contatta il venditoreVisualizza gli articoli di questo venditoreVisita la vetrina del venditore

Condizioni di vendita

Returns Policy
We ask all customers to contact us for authorisation should they wish to return their order. Orders returned without authorisation may not be credited.
If you wish to return, please contact us within 14 days of receiving your order to obtain authorisation.
Returns requested beyond this time will not be authorised.
Our team will provide full instructions on how to return your order and once received our returns department will process your refund.
Please note the cost to return any unwanted order to us is borne by the buyer.
Should your order arrive damaged, not as advertised or faulty, we must be advised of this within 14 days of delivery. Please contact us so we can find the best solution for you.

Our Customer Care Team can be contacted by emailing alborders@paperbackshop.co.uk, or by calling our UK Office on +441285 712 917. We are available 9:00am till 5:30pm GMT Monday to Friday.

Diritto di recesso

Se sei un consumatore puoi recedere dal contratto in conformità con quanto segue. Per Consumatore si intende qualsiasi persona fisica che agisce per scopi estranei alla propria attività commerciale, imprenditoriale, artigianale o professionale.

Informazioni sul diritto di recesso

Diritto legale di recesso

Hai il diritto di recedere dal presente contratto entro 14 giorni senza fornire alcuna motivazione.

Il periodo di recesso scade dopo 14 giorni dal giorno in cui tu o una terza parte, diversa dal vettore e da te indicata, acquisisce il possesso fisico dell'ultimo bene o dell'ultimo lotto o pezzo.

Per esercitare il diritto di recesso, compila e invia elettronicamente una dichiarazione esplicita sul nostro sito Web, alla voce “I miei acquisti” nella sezione “Mio account”. Ti comunicheremo senza indugio una conferma di ricezione di tale recesso su un supporto durevole (ad es. via e-mail).

Per rispettare il termine di recesso, è sufficiente inviare la comunicazione relativa all'esercizio del diritto di recesso prima della scadenza del periodo di recesso stesso.

Effetti del recesso

In caso di recesso dal presente contratto, ti rimborseremo tutti i pagamenti ricevuti, compresi i costi di spedizione (ad eccezione dei costi supplementari derivanti dalla tua eventuale scelta di un tipo di spedizione diverso dal tipo meno costoso di consegna standard da noi offerto).

Potremo effettuare una detrazione dal rimborso per la perdita di valore dei beni forniti, qualora tale perdita sia il risultato di una manipolazione non necessaria da parte tua.

Eseguiremo il rimborso senza indebito ritardo e non oltre 14 giorni dal giorno in cui saremo informati della tua decisione di recedere dal presente contratto.

Il rimborso sarà effettuato utilizzando lo stesso mezzo di pagamento da te usato per la transazione iniziale, salvo che tu non abbia espressamente concordato altrimenti; in ogni caso, non dovrai sostenere alcun costo quale conseguenza di tale rimborso.

Possiamo trattenere il rimborso finché non avremo ricevuto i beni oppure finché non avrai fornito la prova di averli rispediti, a seconda di quale condizione si verifichi per prima.

Dovrai rispedire i beni o consegnarli a PBShop.store UK, Fairford, United Kingdom, +44 1285 712917, senza indebito ritardo e, in ogni caso, entro 14 giorni dal giorno in cui ci hai comunicato la tua volontà di recedere dal presente contratto. Il termine è rispettato se rispedisci i beni prima della scadenza del periodo di 14 giorni. I costi diretti della restituzione dei beni saranno a tuo carico. Sei responsabile solo della diminuzione del valore dei beni risultante da una manipolazione diversa da quella necessaria per stabilire la natura, le caratteristiche e il funzionamento dei beni stessi.

Eccezioni al diritto di recesso

Il diritto di recesso non si applica a:

La fornitura di giornali, periodici o riviste ad eccezione dei contratti di abbonamento; e
La fornitura di contenuto digitale non fornito su un supporto materiale (ad es. su un CD o DVD), se al momento dell'invio dell'ordine hai accettato l'inizio dell'esecuzione e hai riconosciuto che non avresti potuto recedere una volta iniziata l'esecuzione.

Condizioni di spedizione

Orders are shipped from our UK warehouse. Delivery thereafter is between 4 and 14 business days. Please contact us if you have any queries about our services or products.

Privacy e sicurezza

We are committed to protecting the privacy and security of personal data. This policy tells you how we will collect and use your personal data, and what you should expect in respect of the personal information about you that we have collected.

We are PBShop.co.uk Limited (registered in England & Wales with Company No: 9366362). Our registered office is at Swatton Barn, Badbury, Swindon, SN4 0EU, United Kingdom.

The person with responsibility for our data protection compliance is the Managing Director and they can be contacted via email at help@pbshop.store.

We are the data controller of the personal data that we keep and use, and we are therefore responsible for making sure that our systems, processes and people comply with the relevant data protection laws in respect of that personal data.

We will act in respect of personal data to comply with the six principles of the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which are:

Lawfulness, fairness and transparency;
Purpose limitation;
Data minimisation;
Accuracy;
Storage limitation;
Integrity and confidentiality.
You have rights in respect of how your personal data can be processed; these include the right to request:

a copy of your personal data;
that inaccurate data is rectified; and
that your personal data is, in certain circumstances, erased or restricted.
You have the right to complain to the Information Commissioner, which you can do by contacting the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) directly. Full contact details, including a helpline number, can be found on the ICO website (www.ico.org.uk). This website also has useful information on your rights and our obligations. However, please raise any concerns or issues with us first so that we may deal with this as quickly as possible for you.

COLLECTION, USE AND DISCLOSURE OF PERSONAL DATA
We collect and process data for the following reasons:

personal data collected and created in relation to our selling books and other items; and
personal data relating to our people (which means those people working for our company, or providing services to us, or potentially working or providing services to us, including employees, consultants, temporary or casual workers and contractors).
All of our people are required to abide by our Privacy Policy when handling personal data, and are provided with appropriate data protection training. Any breach of data protection will be taken seriously, and may result in disciplinary action.

Selling books and other items
COLLECTION:
We will collect personal information which may include names, addresses and other information for our customers. This will be done for the management of the commercial relationship with our customers.

We may collect this personal data from you directly, and also from third parties, including publicly available third party sources. Additional personal data will be collected as it is created by or supplied to us in the course of anything we do for you.

USE:
We will use the personal data in the course of making sales and to comply with requirements that we are required to undertake.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

in performance of a contract (the agreement to sell books and other items); and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be far less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
DISCLOSURE:
We may share personal data with third parties as is necessary in the sale of books and other items, including to third party providers who deliver services to support the operation of our company.

In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. Normally, our retention period for personal data collected for this purpose is a minimum of 6 years after the end of the period that we are selling books and other items.

Our people
COLLECTION:
We will collect names, addresses, contact details, education and employment history, identity and other background checks (which may include appropriate criminal and financial checks and confirmation of the right to work in the UK), marital status and information on next of kin and dependents, financial information (such as bank details and NI numbers), date of birth, gender, a copy of your passport and driving licence, performance information and compensation history, recruitment information (including references), salary, benefits, pension and annual leave information, disciplinary and grievance information, photographs, information about your use of our information and communications systems and CCTV footage or other information obtained through electronic means.

We may collect and use special categories of personal data as required in the carrying out of obligations and exercising specific rights of us or the data subject in the field of employment. This may include information relating to matters such as health, racial origin, religious belief and offences or alleged offences.

Personal data may be collected from you during the selection process (for example via your application form and CV) and during your employment (including holiday forms, expense claims, performance reviews, any disciplinary or grievance processes), or from third parties, including referees, health service providers, background check providers.

USE:
Personal data of our people will be used for HR administration and management, both in respect of the selection of people to work for us (including suitability, eligibility and/or fitness to work), and those who do work for us, to include learning and development, disciplinary and security (of people, offices and data) requirements, providing and liaising with benefits providers, business management and planning (including accounting and auditing), paying you and dealing with tax and NI deductions, assessing and deciding on salary reviews and compensation, conducting performance reviews and managing performance, dealing with legal disputes involving you or others, preventing fraud, monitoring your use of our information and communications systems, ensuring compliance with our policies, and equal opportunities monitoring.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

In performance of a contract with you; and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

In respect of special categories of personal data, we may process this in the following circumstances:

in limited circumstances with your explicit written consent; and/or
where we need to carry out our legal obligations and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed in the public interest (such as for equal opportunities monitoring or in relation to our occupational pension scheme), and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed to assess your working capacity on health grounds, subject to appropriate confidentiality safeguards.
Less commonly, we may process this type of information where it is needed in relation to legal claims or where it is needed to protect your (or someone else’s) interests and you are not capable of giving your consent, or where you have already made the information public. We may also process such information about our people (or former people) in the course of our legitimate business activities with the appropriate safeguards.

The special categories of personal data may be used in the following ways:

in relation to leaves of absence, to comply with employment and other laws;
in relation to your physical or mental health, or disability status, to ensure your health and safety in the workplace and to assess your fitness to work, to monitor, manage and administer benefits and absences;
in relation to your race, national or ethnic origin, religious, philosophical or moral beliefs, or your sexual life or sexual orientation, to ensure meaningful equal opportunity monitoring and reporting.
DISCLOSURE:
Personal data may be transferred to service providers who support the operation of our business (such as payroll service providers), to other third parties reasonably necessary in the conduct of our business (including insurers, professional advisors, regulators). These third parties may be acting as processor, or controller of personal data in their own right.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. We will normally keep personal data of applicants who we do not employ for six months after we receive it.

We will keep personal data of employees throughout your employment and normally for a minimum of six years after your employment ends.

Changes to your personal data
It is very important that the personal information that we hold about you is accurate and current. Please tell us if your personal information changes during your relationship with us.

Data Security
We have put in place measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those of our people and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and where they have agreed to treat the information confidentially and to keep it secure. We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach and will notify you and the ICO of a suspected breach where we are legally required to do so.

Where we store your personal data
We principally store data, both electronically and on file, at our office.

Personal data may be transferred outside of the EEA by processors acting on our behalf. For transfers to countries not considered adequate by the EC, we will ensure that personal data is adequately protected, as required by the GDPR. This would include by use of the Standard Contractual Clauses adopted by the EC to protect personal data.

Your rights
Under certain circumstances, you have the right by law to request:

access to your personal data. This enables you to ask to receive a copy of the personal data that we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
correction of the personal data that we hold about you.
erasure of your personal data.
object to processing of your personal data where we are relying on our legitimate interest and there is something about your particular situation which makes you want to object to processing on this ground. You also have the right to object where we are processing your personal information for direct marketing purposes.
restriction of processing of your personal data.
transfer of your personal data to another party.
Links from our website
Our website may, from time to time, contain links to and from the websites of third parties that we permit to make such links. If you follow a link to any of these websites, please note that these websites have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for these policies. We recommend that you check these policies before you submit any personal data to these websites.

CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY
Any changes we may make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on our website, so please ensure that you are viewing the correct version.

Please contact us if you have any questions, comments or requests regarding this Privacy Policy.

Last amended May 2021.

Understanding Batteries

Descrizione dell’articolo da parte del venditore

Dati bibliografici

Riassunto

Descrizione articolo

Estratto. © Ristampato con autorizzazione. Tutti i diritti riservati.