Variable Speed Generators

Surveying the technologies used to satisfy the world's demand for open, efficient, and clean electricity, Variable Speed Generators provides an in-depth examination of variable-speed generators for both stand-alone and grid-connected applications. Part of The Electric Generators Handbook, Two-Volume Set, this work offers authoritative, tightly focused treatment of the topologies, steady state and transients modeling, performance, control, design, and testing of stand-alone and grid-connected generators operating at variable speeds. Variable Speed Generators thoroughly covers all types of variable-speed generators currently in progress in distributed generation and renewable energy applications around the world. It delves into the steady state, transients, control, and design of claw-pole rotor synchronous, induction, permanent magnet-assisted synchronous, and switched reluctance starter alternators for hybrid-electric vehicles. It also discusses PM synchronous, transverse-flux PM, and flux-reversal PM generators for low-speed wind and hydro energy conversion as well as linear-motion alternators for residential and spacecraft applications. Numerous design and control examples illustrate the discussion. The promise of renewable, sustainable energy rests on our ability to design innovative power systems that are able to harness energy from a variety of sources. Variable Speed Generators supplies the tools necessary to design, validate, and deploy the right power generation technologies to fulfill tomorrow's complex energy needs.

WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION GENERATORS (WRIGs): STEADY STATE
Introduction
Construction Elements
Steady-State Equations
Equivalent Circuit
Phasor Diagrams
Operation at the Power Grid
Autonomous Operation of WRIG
Operation of WRIG in the Brushless Exciter Mode
Losses and Efficiency of WRIG
Summary
References
WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION GENERATORS: TRANSIENTS AND CONTROL
Introduction
The WRIG Phase Coordinate Model
The Space-Phasor Model of WRIG
Space-Phasor Equivalent Circuits and Diagrams
Approaches to WRIG Transients
Static Power Converters for WRIGs
Vector Control of WRIG at Power Grid
Direct Power Control (DPC) of WRIG at Power Grid
Independent Vector Control of Positive and Negative Sequence Currents
Motion-Sensorless Control
Vector Control in Stand-Alone Operation
Self-Starting, Synchronization, and Loading at the Power Grid
Voltage and Current Low-Frequency Harmonics of WRIG
Summary
References
WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION GENERATORS (WRIGs): DESIGN AND TESTING
Introduction
Design Specifications: An Example
Stator Design
Rotor Design
Magnetization Current
Reactances and Resistances
Electrical Losses and Efficiency
Testing of WRIGs
Summary
References
SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATORS
Introduction
The Cage Rotor Induction Machine Principle
Self-Excitation: A Qualitative View
Steady-State Performance of Three-Phase SEIGs
Performance Sensitivity Analysis
Pole Changing SEIGs for Variable Speed Operation
Unbalanced Operation of Three-Phase SEIGs
One Phase Open at Power Grid
Three-Phase SEIG with Single-Phase Output
Two-Phase SEIGs with Single-Phase Output
Three-Phase SEIG Transients
Parallel Connection of SEIGs
Connection Transients in Cage Rotor Induction Generators at Power Grid
More on Power Grid Disturbance Transients in Cage Rotor Induction Generators
Summary
References
STATOR CONVERTER CONTROLLED INDUCTION GENERATORS (SCIGs)
Introduction
Grid Connected SCIGs: The Control System
Grid Connection and Four-Quadrant Operation of SCIGs
Stand-Alone Operation of SCIG
Parallel Operation of SCIGs
Static Capacitor Exciter Stand-Alone IG for Pumping Systems
Operation of SCIGs with DC Voltage Controlled Output
Dual Stator Winding for Grid Applications
Summary
References
AUTOMOTIVE CLAW-POLE-ROTOR GENERATOR SYSTEMS
Introduction
Construction and Principle
Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) Modeling
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Method (3D FEM) Modeling
Losses, Efficiency, and Power Factor
Design Improvement Steps
The Lundell Starter/Generator for Hybrid Vehicles
Summary
References
INDUCTION STARTER/ALTERNATORS (ISAs) FOR ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLES (EHVs)
EHV Configuration
Essential Specifications
Topology Aspects of Induction Starter/Alternator (ISA)
ISA Space-Phasor Model and Characteristics
Vector Control of ISA
DTFC of ISA
ISA Design Issues for Variable Speed
Summary
References
PERMANENT-MAGNET-ASSISTED RELUCTANCE SYNCHRONOUS STARTER/ALTERNATORS FOR ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLES
Introduction
Topologies of PM-RSM
Finite Element Analysis
The d-q Model of PM-RSM
Steady-State Operation at No Load and Symmetric Short-Circuit
Design Aspects for Wide Speed Range Constant Power Operation
Power Electronics for PM-RSM for Automotive Applications
Control of PM-RSM for EHV
State Observers without Signal Injection for Motion Sensorless Control
Signal Injection Rotor Position Observers
Initial and Low Speed Rotor Position Tracking
Summary
References
SWITCHED RELUCTANCE GENERATORS AND THEIR CONTROL
Introduction
Practical Topologies and Principles of Operation
SRG(M) Modeling
The Flux/Current/Position Curves
Design Issues
PWM Converters for SRGs
Control of SRG(M)s
Direct Torque Control of SRG(M)s
Rotor Position and Speed Observers for Motion-Sensorless Control
Output Voltage Control in SRG
Summary
References
PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR SYSTEMS
Introduction
Practical Configurations and Their Characterization
Airgap Field Distribution, emf and Torque
Stator Core Loss Modeling
The Circuit Model
Circuit Model of PMSG with Shunt Capacitors and AC Load
Circuit Model of PMSG with Diode Rectifier Load
Utilization of Third Harmonic for PMSG with Diode Rectifiers
Autonomous PMSGs with Controlled Constant Speed and AC Load
Grid-Connected Variable-Speed PMSG System
The PM Genset with Multiple Outputs
Super-High-Speed PM Generators: Design Issues
Super-High-Speed PM Generators: Power Electronics Control Issues
Design of a 42 Vdc Battery-Controlled-Output PMSG System
Methods for Testing PMSGs
Note on Medium-Power Vehicular Electric Generator Systems
Summary
References
TRANSVERSE FLUX AND FLUX REVERSAL PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATOR SYSTEMS
Introduction
The Three-Phase Transverse Flux Machine (TFM): Magnetic Circuit Design
TFM: The d-q Model and Steady State
The Three-Phase Flux Reversal Permanent Magnet Generator: Magnetic and Electric Circuit Design
Summary
References
LINEAR MOTION ALTERNATORS (LMAs)
Introduction
LMA Principle of Operation
PM-LMA with Coil Mover
Multipole LMA with Coil Plus Iron Mover
PM-Mover LMAs
The Tubular Homopolar PM Mover Single-Coil LMA
The Flux Reversal LMA with Mover PM Flux Concentration
PM-LMAs with Iron Mover
The Flux Reversal PM-LMA Tubular Configuration
Control of PM-LMAs
Progressive-Motion LMAs for Maglevs with Active Guideway
Summary
References
INDEX