The Western Humanities: Beginnings Through the Renaissance

The Stages of Hellenistic History
The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States
The Arrival and Triumph of Rome
The Cities of Hellenistic Civilization
Pergamum
Alexandria in Egypt
Personal Perspective: Theocritus, ''Getting to the Concert on Time''
The Elaboration of the Greek Tradition: The Spread of Classicism to the Hellenistic World
Drama and Literature
Philosophy and Religion
Cynicism
Skepticism
Epicureanism
Stoicism
Fate and the Mystery Cults
Architecture
The Corinthian Temple
The Altar
Sculpture
Rhodes: Late Hellenistic Style
The Legacy of the Hellenistic World
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 4 Highlights

Chapter 5
ROMAN CIVILIZATION: THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CENTURIES

The Colossus of the Mediterranean World
General Characteristics of Roman Civilization
The Etruscan and Greek Connections
Rome in the Age of Kings, 753-509 B.C.
The Roman Republic, 509-31 B.C.
The Early Republic, 509-264 B.C.
The Middle Republic, 264-133 B.C.
The Late Republic, 133-31 B.C.
Growing Autocracy: Imperial Rome, 31 B.C.-A.D. 284
Pax Romana, 31 B.C.-A.D. 193
Civil Wars, A.D. 193-284
The Style of Pre-Christian Rome: From Greek Imitation to Roman Grandeur
Roman Religion
Language, Literature, and Drama
The First Literary Period, 250-31 B.C.
The Second Literary Period: The Golden Age, 31 B.C.-A.D. 14-200
Personal Perspective: Marcus, Son of Cicero, ''Changing My Ways''
The Third Literary Period: The Silver Age, A.D. 14-200
Philosophy
Stoicism
Neo-Platonism
Law
The Visual Arts
Architecture
Encounter: Roman Conquests and Romance Languages
Sculpture
Painting and Mosaics
Music
The Legacy of Pre-Christian Rome
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 5 Highlights

Windows on the World: 300 B.C. - A.D. 500

Chapter 6
JUDAISM AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY

Judaism
The People and Their Religion
Egypt, Exodus, and Moses
The Kingdom of Israel
The Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic Period
The Hellenistic and Roman Periods
Societal and Family Relationships
Personal Perspective: Flavius Josephus, ''The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem''
The Bible
Early Jewish Art and Architecture
Christianity
The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament
Christians and Jews
Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and Philosophies
Christians in the Roman Empire
Personal Perspective: Vibia Perpetua, ''Account of Her Last Days Before Martyrdom''
Early Christian Literature
Early Christian Art
The Legacy of Biblical Judaism and Early Christianity
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 6 Highlights

Chapter 7
THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATE ROME, BYZANTIUM, AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST

The Last Days of the Roman Empire
Diocletian’s Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity, 284-395
The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration
Early Christian Developments
Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire, 395-476
Personal Perspective: Paulina, ''Epitaph for Agorius Praetextatus''
The Transition from Classical Humanism to Christian Civilization
Literature, Theology, and History
The Fathers of the Church
Personal Perspective: St. Jerome, ''Secular Education; The Fall of Rome''
Church History
The Visual Arts
Architecture
Sculpture
Painting and Mosaics
Music
The Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantine Civilization, 476-1453
History of the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Culture: Christianity and Classicism
The Orthodox Religion
Law and History
Architecture and Mosaics
The Early Medieval West
The Early Middle Ages: A Romano-Germanic Christianized World
Religion and Culture in the Early Middle Ages
Christianity: Leadership and Organization
Personal Perspective: Anna Comnena, ''The Arrival of the First Crusade in Constantinople''; Liudprand of Cremona, ''A Mission to the Byzantine Court''
Literature, History, and Learning
Music
Architecture
Painting: Illuminated Manuscripts

The Legacy of Late Rome, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 7 Highlights

Windows on the World: 500-1000

Chapter 8
THE WORLD OF ISLAM, 630-1517

Muhammad, The Prophet
Imperial Islam
The Post-Muhammad Years
The Umayyad Dynasty
The Abbasid Dynasty
The Seljuk Turk Empire
Imperial Decline
Islam as Religion
Encounter: An International Community of Scholars
Medieval Islamic Culture
Scholarship
Literature
Poetry
Prose
Art and Architecture
Architecture
Painting
Personal Perspective: Abu’l-Faraj al-Isfahani, ''Marketing a Product''
Music
The Legacy of Medieval Islam
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 8 Highlights

Chapter 9
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIES

Feudalism
The Feudal System and the Feudal Society
Peasant Life
The Rise of Towns
The Feudal Monarchy
The French Monarchy
The English Monarchy
The Holy Roman Empire
The Papal Monarchy
Medieval Christianity and the Church
Encounter: Pagan Vikings versus Christian Europeans
Christian Beliefs and Practices
Religious Ord ers and Lay Piety
Personal Perspective: Abelard and Heloise, ''My Sorrow and My Loss''
The Age of Synthesis: Equilibrium Between the Spiritual and the Secular
Learning and Theology
Cath...