Fundamentals of Digital Switching

mcdonald,john c

ISBN 10: 0306412241 / ISBN 13: 9780306412240

Editore: Plenum Press, 1983

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hardback book and dust jacket in near fine condition. Codice articolo 85604

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Titolo: Fundamentals of Digital Switching

Casa editrice: Plenum Press

Data di pubblicazione: 1983

Legatura: Hardcover

Condizione: Near Fine

Condizione sovraccoperta: Near Fine

Edizione: 1st Edition

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Riassunto:

The development of low-cost digital integrated circuits has brought digital switching from a concept to an economic reality. Digital switching systems have now found worldwide acceptance and there are very few new switch­ ing systems being considered either for design or application which are not digital. Digital technology has created new opportunities for innovation including the integration of digital transmission and switching, the combi­ nation of voice and data services in one switching entity, and the design of switching systems which are economical over a broad range of sizes. In the strict sense, the term "digital switching" refers to a system which establishes a message channel between two terminations where infor­ mation is represented in digital form. In more common usage, a digital switch usually contains a time-divided network composed of logic gates and digital memory to accomplish the switching function. The intent of this book is to provide an introductory level explanation of the principles of digital switching. These principles apply to both public and PABX switching. The book is aimed at those who apply, design, main­ tain, or simply wish to understand digital switching techniques. An electri­ cal engineering degree is definitely not required for comprehension. We have concentrated on explaining digital switching techniques without the use of detailed mathematics. However, each chapter contains a comprehen­ sive list of references which will lead the reader to sources for a more in-depth study of the many subjects covered.

Contenuti:

1. Circuit-Switching Fundamentals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Circuit-Switched Networks.- 2.1. Relations between Transmission and Switching.- 2.2. Networking.- 2.3. Signaling.- 2.4. Signal Networking.- 3. Circuit-Switching Systems.- 3.1. Switching System Design.- 3.2. Switching System Functions.- 3.3. Switching Networks.- 4. Introduction to Digital Switching.- 4.1. Digital What?.- 4.2. Need For Digital Switching.- 4.3. Basic Building Blocks.- 5. Summary.- Questions.- References.- 2. Random Nature of Service Demands.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nature of Demand.- 2.1. Elements of Demand.- 2.2. Origination of Calls.- 2.3. Service Time.- 3. Important Probability Distribution Functions.- 3.1. Binomial Distribution.- 3.2. Negative Exponential Distribution.- 3.3. Poisson Distribution.- 4. Digital Switching Systems.- 4.1. Class-5 Configuration.- 4.2. Traffic Considerations.- 4.2.1. Line Stage.- 4.2.2. Switching Matrix.- 4.2.3. Processors.- 4.2.4. Remote Units.- 4.2.5. Service Circuits.- 5. Traffic Engineering.- 6. Conclusions.- Questions.- References.- 3. Switching System Controls.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Switching Center Network Controls.- 2.1. Progressive versus Common Control.- 2.2. Network Control Access.- 3. Call Information Processing.- 3.1. Traffic versus Functional Division.- 3.2. Controller Access.- 3.3. Distributed Control.- 3.4. Scheduling.- 3.5. Stored Program Control and the Software Dimension.- 3.6. Redundancy.- 4. Operations Support.- 5. Summary.- Questions.- References.- 4. Switching System Software.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Introduction to Switching System Software.- 2.1. Early Development of Stored Program Control for Telecommunications.- 2.2. Early Software Design to Accommodate Commercial Electronic Telecommunications.- 3. Central Office Design Criteria.- 3.1. Telephone Company Criteria.- 3.1.1. Cost.- 3.1.2. Reliability and Performance.- 3.2. Customer Criteria.- 3.3. System Cost Considerations.- 3.3.1. Processor Speed.- 3.3.2. Memory Usage.- 3.3.3. Program Design.- 4. Basic Electronic Switching Software.- 4.1. Generic Program.- 4.1.1. Functional Model of Call Processing.- 4.1.2. System Maintenance.- 4.1.3. Administrative Functions.- 4.2. Office Data Base.- 4.2.1. Office Data Base Contents.- 4.2.2. Office Data Base Architecture.- 4.3. Current Design of Switching Software.- 4.3.1. Architectural Structure.- 4.3.2. Program Scheduling.- 4.3.3. Limitations in Prior Software Designs.- 5. New Model for Switching System Software.- 5.1. Architectural Objectives.- 5.1.1. Software Engineering Concepts.- 5.1.2. Considerations for Distributed Processing.- 5.2. An Ideal Software Architecture Model.- 5.2.1. Structural Overview.- 5.2.2. Operating System.- 5.2.3. Benefits of the Model.- 6. Conclusions.- Questions.- References.- 5. Time-Division Networks.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sampling and Modulation.- 3. The Time-Division Switching Concept.- 4. Lossless Analog Time-Division Switching.- 5. Lossy Analog Time-Division Switching.- 6. Digital Encoding and Multiplexing.- 7. Time-Division Switching.- 7.1. Time-Slot Interchanging.- 7.2. Time-Shared Space-Division Switching.- 7.3. Network Functions.- 7.4. Network Architectures.- 7.4.1. T Only.- 7.4.2. S Only.- 7.4.3. T-S.- 7.4.4. S-T.- 7.4.5. T-S-T.- 7.4.6. S-T-S.- 7.4.7. More Complex Arrangements.- 8. No. 4 ESS.- 9. Conclusions.- Questions.- References.- 6. Circuit versus Packet Switching.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Present and Future Communications Networks.- 3. Voice and Data Traffic Characteristics.- 4. Circuit, Message, and Packet Switching.- 4.1. Circuit-Switched Networks.- 4.2. Message-Switched Networks.- 4.3. Packet-Switched Networks.- 4.4. Comparison of Circuit, Message, and Packet Switching.- 5. Approaches to the Integration of Voice and Data.- 5.1. Circuit Switching.- 5.2. Packet Switching.- 5.3. Hybrid Switching.- 5.4. Comparison of Integrated Switching Technologies.- 6. Example of an Integrated Packet- and Circuit-Switching Approach.- 7. New Developments and Services.- 8. Summary and Conclusions.- Questions.- References.- 7. The Analog Termination.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Line and Trunk Terminations.- 3. Analog Termination Requirements.- 3.1. Telephone Instruments.- 3.2. Analog Trunk Terminations.- 3.3. Transmission Requirements.- 3.4. Overvoltage Protection.- 3.5. Customer Loop (Access Line) Design.- 3.6. Testing.- 3.7. BORSHT.- 4. Digital Representation of Speech.- 4.1. Voice Digitization Techniques.- 4.2. Pulse Code Modulation.- 4.3. Other Digitization Techniques.- 5. Line Circuit Description.- 5.1. BORSHT Element Location.- 5.2. Line Circuit Technology.- 5.2.1. Subscriber Line Interface Circuit (SLIC).- 5.2.2. Echo Control.- 5.2.3. Filter and Codec.- 5.2.4. Overvoltage Protection.- 5.3. Redundancy.- 6. Conclusions.- Questions.- References.- 8. Digital Terminations and Digital Signal Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interface to Digital Transmission Facilities.- 2.1. Digital Termination Requirements.- 2.2. Typical Digital Termination.- 2.3. Detailed Digital Termination Design Considerations.- 2.3.1. Framing Recovery.- 2.3.2. Elastic Stores and Synchronization.- 2.3.3. Effect of Bit Robbing.- 3. Digital Customer Loop Transmission.- 4. Digital Signal Processing in Digital Switching.- 4.1. Automated Maintenance Techniques.- 4.2. Signal Processing in a Nonuniform Quantization Environment.- 4.3. An Example: Digital Attenuation.- 4.4. Another Example: Tone Generation and Detection.- 4.4.1. Tone Generation.- 4.4.2. DTMF Detection.- 5. Conclusions.- Questions.- References.- 9. Digital Switching System Architectures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Digital Switching System Operation.- 2.1. Analog Terminations.- 2.2. Digital Terminations.- 2.3. Multiplexing.- 2.4. Switching Center Network.- 2.5. Control.- 2.6. Remote Units.- 2.7. Pair Gain Systems.- 3. Digital Switching System Synthesis.- 3.1. Requirements.- 3.2. System Capacity.- 3.3. Analog Termination Alternatives.- 3.4. Switching Center Network Alternatives.- 3.5. System Availability.- 3.6. System Maintainability.- 4. Examples of System Architectures.- 4.1. Analysis Method.- 4.2. E10.- 4.3. No. 4 ESS.- 4.4. ITS 4/5.- 4.5. NEAX 61.- 4.6. AXE 10.- 4.7. DMS 100.- 4.8. EWSD.- 4.9. System 12.- 4.10. System X.- 4.11. GTD-5 EAX.- 5. Summary and Trends.- Questions.- References.- 10. Digital Networks.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Digital Network Evolution.- 2.1. Integrated Analog Network.- 2.2. Integrated Digital Network.- 2.3. Integrated Services Digital Network.- 3. Digital Network Design.- 3.1. Service Requirements.- 3.1.1. Voice Transmission Requirements.- 3.1.2. Data Transmission Requirements.- 3.2. Integrated Transmission and Switching.- 3.2.1. Digital Trunk Transmission.- 3.2.2. Digital Toll Switching.- 3.2.3. Digital Pair Gain.- 3.3. Integrated Services.- 3.4. Transmission Loss and Level Plans.- 3.4.1. Digital Code Levels.- 3.4.2. Digital Loss Design Examples.- 3.5. Synchronization.- 3.5.1. Synchronizing Digital Transmission and Digital Switching.- 3.5.2. Synchronizing Digital Switching Systems.- 3.6. Signaling.- 3.7. Maintenance.- 4. Conclusions.- Questions.- References.