Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 0702031089 ISBN 13: 9780702031083
Da: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germania
EUR 78,33
Quantità: 1 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloTaschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 'Sometimes called coining, spooning or scraping, Gua sha is defined as instrument-assisted unidirectional press stroking of a lubricated area of the body surface that intentionally creates 'transitory therapeutic petechiae' representing extravasation of blood in the subcutis.' Gua sha has been used for centuries in Asia, in Asian immigrant communities and by acupuncturists and practitioners of traditional East Asian medicine worldwide. With the expansion of traditional East Asian medicine, Gua sha has been used over broad geographic areas and by millions of people. It is valuable in the treatment of pain and for functional problems with impaired movement, the prevention and treatment of acute infectious illness, upper respiratory and digestive problems, and many acute or chronic disorders. Research has demonstrated Gua sha radically increases surface microperfusion that stimulates immune and anti-inflammatory responses that persist for days after treatment. The second edition expands on the history of Gua sha and similar techniques used in early Western Medicine, detailing traditional theory, purpose and application and illuminated by science that focuses its relevance to modern clinical practice as well as scholarly inquiry. This book brings the technique alive for practitioners, with clear discussion of how to do it -including correct technique, appropriate application, individualization of treatment - and when to use it, with over 50 case examples, and superb color photographs and line drawings that demonstrate the technique.\* Written by an expert practitioner who has carried out much research in the area and has experience of using Gua Sha in a wide range of cases.\* Colour photographs show the practitioner exactly what do expect as clinical results.\* Covers history, action, techniques and case examples - a complete 'package' for all-round understanding of the subject.\* Clear discussions and illustrations throughout - a through, reliable guide to give practitioners confidence.New chapter on immediate and significant Tongue changes as a direct result of Gua sha Research and biomechanisms Literature review from Chinese language as well as English language medical journal database New case studies Fully updated and revised throughout Over 30 colour photographs.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 0702050210 ISBN 13: 9780702050213
Da: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germania
EUR 83,35
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloTaschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 0702034215 ISBN 13: 9780702034213
Da: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germania
EUR 300,34
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 2013 BMA Medical Book Awards 1st Prize Award Winner in Internal Medicine! Now in its 4th edition, Dr. du Vivier's bestselling Atlas of Clinical Dermatology provides the comprehensive visual guidance you need to effectively evaluate, diagnose, and manage all forms of skin disease. Over 2,300 images richly depict etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment, equipping you to provide the best care to every patient. Get complete guidance on etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment with Dr. du Vivier's Atlas of Clinical Dermatology. Compare dermatopathology images and their accompanying presentations and manifestations side by side through an oversized format that accommodates larger illustrations. Quickly find the answers to your most common clinical questions with help from a clear, consistent writing approach. Get well-rounded coverage of regional dermatology, dermatoses of infancy, pregnancy and management, HIV and AIDs, and immunosuppression and transplants. View each skin disease clearly with 2,300 full-color, high-quality images, including more dermatopathology specimens than ever before. Effectively diagnose patients of color with enhanced coverage of diverse skin types.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455705543 ISBN 13: 9781455705542
Da: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germania
EUR 408,44
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - \*\*Selected for Doody s Core Titles® 2024 in Trauma Surgery\*\*Describing the diagnosis and management of maxillofacial and associated traumatic injuries step by step, Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma, 4th Edition takes you beyond the surgical management of head and neck trauma to cover the general management of traumatic injuries, systemic evaluation of the trauma patient, and special considerations associated with maxillofacial trauma patient care. New to this edition are over 700 full-color illustrations showing details of traumatic injuries and their treatment. Edited by head and neck trauma expert Dr. Raymond J. Fonseca, along with over 80 highly respected contributors, this comprehensive reference provides all of the information you need to offer the best care possible to maxillofacial trauma patients. One-of-a-kind, comprehensive chapters cover current research literature with topics including advances in maxillofacial trauma surgery, nonpenetrating chest trauma, metabolic response to trauma, maxillofacial prosthetics, and the societal impact of maxillofacial trauma.Coverage of emerging topics includes firearm injuries, neurologic injuries (the leading cause of death from trauma), wound healing, airway management, shock, and nasal fractures, so you can work confidently with team members from other disciplines such as neurologists, anesthesiologists, and orthopedists.Over 80 expert contributors represent the specialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery, anesthesiology, and otolaryngology. UPDATED content reflects current thinking and the latest techniques in the management of traumatic injuries. NEW full-color illustrations and design highlight clinical areas and show details of injuries and their treatment. NEW! Streamlined, single-volume format makes information easier to access and the book easier to carry.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 145577331X ISBN 13: 9781455773312
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The Adult ACL world is constantly changing and is in need of continual updates; approximately 60,000-75,000 ACL reconstructions are performed annually in the United States. Dr. Freddie Fu just held a world-wide symposium on this topic and is considered the expert. In the Clinics survey sent in the fall of 2010, survey takers were most interested in seeing an issue on ACL repair and injury prevention. 226 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 145577121X ISBN 13: 9781455771219
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -As a core part of the central nervous system, the spinal cord has a distinctive role in the etiology and exacerbation of common and less common neurologic disorders. This issue of Neurologic Clinics will look at the spinal cord's involvement in disorders arising generally in the CNS, as well as disorders based within the cord itself. Articles include: Spinal cord: A review of functional neuroanatomy; Infections of spinal cord; Multiple sclerosis and spinal cord; Transverse myelitis; Neuromyelitis optica; Vascular disorders of spinal cord; Spine and spinal cord trauma; Imaging of spinal cord: General principles; Toxic, nutritional, and metabolic deficiencies of spinal cord; Spinal cord: Motor neuron diseases; Spinal cord tumors: New views and future directions; Spinal cord and spasticity: A mechanistic view; Cervical spondylosis and stenosis; Autonomic nervous system disorders and spinal cord; Stiff person syndrome: What is new ; Sleep disorders in patients with spinal cord injury. 356 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455749389 ISBN 13: 9781455749386
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This issue focuses on Critical Skills and Procedures in the following topic areas: Pediatric, Orthopedics, Vascular, ENT Procudures, Cardiovascular, Airway, Trauma, Ultrasound, OB/GYN, and Urologic. 240 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455771333 ISBN 13: 9781455771332
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The Guest Editors have invited authors who are well published on the current research for breastfeeding. The issue will update practicing pediatricians and other child health professionals on the current state of knowledge and practice in breastfeeding management and support. It has been more than ten years since the last issues on breastfeeding published; because those issues were popular and widely cited, it is expected that this issue will also become a valuable resource. The articles in this issue will provide pediatricians and other child health professionals with a timely update and critical new information to advocate for breastfeeding and support the breastfeeding mother-infant dyad. 334 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455773263 ISBN 13: 9781455773268
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This issue provides a completely updated review of bowel imaging across the modalities. Topics include CT enterography, CT evaluation of small bowel obstruction, CT evaluation of GI bleeding and mesentecric ischemia, CT colonography: Pitfalls in interpretation, MR enterography, MR colonography, Transabdominal ultrasound for bowel evaluation, MR for rectal cancer staging, Enteroclysis: fluoroscopic and CT techniques and Endoscopic techniques for small bowel imaging. Readers will be thoroughly up to date on bowel imaging techniques and pitfalls after reading this issue. 194 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455773336 ISBN 13: 9781455773336
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloTaschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This issue will explore the complications, considerations and consequences of colorectal surgery. Topics will include evaluating colorectal surgery patients to estimate and minimize morbidity and mortality, fast-track pathways, intra-operative adjuncts, colorectal anastomotic complications, proctectomy, stomas, Crohn's disease, rectal prolapse, pelvic surgery, laparoscopy, enterocutaneous fistula, and more. 313 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455771198 ISBN 13: 9781455771196
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This issue reviews the state of the art in imaging head and neck cancer. Articles cover topics on Rationale for Staging by Imaging; Oral Cavity Cancer; Oropharynx; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Pitfalls in Staging Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hypopharynx; Larynx; Major Salivary Glands; Thyroid Cancer; Lymph Nodes; Image-Guided Tissue Sampling; and Surgical Perspective. 182 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455770752 ISBN 13: 9781455770755
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This issue of Critical Care Clinics edited by Dr. Robert Hyzy on Enhancing the Quality of Care in the ICU features topics such as: Taking Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection Rates to Zero, Preventing ICU Delirium, Avoiding Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea, Reducing ventilator associated complications and pneumonia, Can Venous Thromboembolism be avoided , Preventing urinary catheter associated infections, Improving ICU quality through collaboratives, Do performance measures enhance patient quality in the ICU, and The Future of Quality in the ICU. 128 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455749257 ISBN 13: 9781455749256
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Information on office-based procedures in laryngology provides Otolaryngologists and other surgeons information on Patient selection, Topicals and anesthesia, Surgical approaches and techniques, and Risks and complications. Each procedure discussed provides key points and technique summaries. Topics include: Anesthesia for office procedures including the role of monitoring, Stroboscopy and other diagnostic tools including high speed larygoscopy, Transnasal esophagoscopy including biopsy, dilation, Bravo, TEP, etc, FEES and FEESST, Office-based laryngeal injections, and Office based procedures that includes biopsy and laser therapy. 240 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455749672 ISBN 13: 9781455749676
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -An important review on advances in imaging for the equine practitioner! Chapters include an algorithm approach to imaging, advances in computed and digital radiography, advances in ultrasound, advances in nuclear medicine, advances in computed tomography and use of contrast, advances in magnetic resonance imaging, imaging of articular cartilage, computed tomography arthrography of the stifle with comparison to other diagnostic modalities, imaging of proximal suspensory ligament disease, the value of recheck imaging examinations, how does MRI impact case management , the use of contrast MRI, correlation of imaging findings (Rads, Nuc Med, CT, MRI) in thoroughbred racehorses, and much more! 240 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455749192 ISBN 13: 9781455749195
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The Guest Editors have assembled an international list of top experts to present the most current information to pediatricians about patient safety. The issue has a primarily clinical focus with a few articles addressing the business and practice of patient safety. Articles are devoted to the following topics: Developing performance standards and expectations for safety; The role of CPOE in patient safety; The role of smart infusion pumps on patient safety; Abstracted detection of adverse events in children; The role of effective communication (including handoffs) in patient safety; Reducing mortality resulting from adverse events; Optimizing standardization of case reviews (morbidity and mortality rounds) to promote patient safety; Impact of (resident) duty work hours on patient safety; Role of simulation in safety; The role of diagnostic errors in patient safety; The role of collaborative efforts to reduce hospital acquired conditions; Patient safety in ambulatory care; Role of FDA and pediatric safety; and Patient safety through the eyes of a parent. 240 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455771384 ISBN 13: 9781455771387
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The complexity of issues associated with gating studies with PET imaging are mostly unknown among practitioners of the field, which is posing a significant danger to those who undergo such studies. This is particularly true for respiratory gating examination. Topics in this issue include both basic and clinical topics, including views from radiation oncology physicians. 115 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455749664 ISBN 13: 9781455749669
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -An important review on critical care for the general surgeon! Topics include: heparin induced thrombocytopenia, monitoring devices, mechanical ventilation, removal from mechanical ventilations, common complications in the critically ill patients, common drugs in the SICU, hypovolemic shock resuscitation, sepsis, nutrition, renal management, pain management, family engagement, and more! 240 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455758701 ISBN 13: 9781455758708
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -For Otolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons, the spaces in the neck are the sites of pathologies, from laryngeal cancers to skull base tumors and parotid cysts. This issue takes an in-depth look at these neck spaces through CT and MRI images, looking at normal anatomy and at disease. Beginning with complete anatomical description of the neck spaces, then working through the entire head and neck region with coverage of pharyngeal, masticator, carotid, parotid spaces, retropharyngeal and prevertebral space, larynx, nasopharynx and hypopharynx, base of skull, lymph node evaluation, all emphasizing diagnosis of diseases in these areas, and discussion of imaging in terms of interventional neuroradiology, along with changes in the head and neck post radiation treatment. Guest Editors Sangam Kanekar and Kyle Mannion create a focused presentation for daily clinical use for otolaryngologists and for residents. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455749583 ISBN 13: 9781455749584
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Electodiagnosis is a method in which diagnostic information is obtained by testing and recording the electrical activities of body parts. It has been used in PMR medicine increasingly in recent years as technology has advanced, and is currently the most common way to diagnose a patient for neuromuscular disorders. 240 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455771120 ISBN 13: 9781455771127
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 81,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Dr. Pockros has created a clinically focused issue based on the CONO 2012 meeting, whereby he was able to have those presenters write articles for his issue. Therefore, the content for HCV in this issue reflects the most current knowledge. The issue is focused on basic/current information, current therapy and special populations, triple and quad combination therapies in development, and an article on second generation protease inhibitors. The reader can expect that this issue will provide thorough clinical reviews on the most current therapeutic options for HCV. 146 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455738573 ISBN 13: 9781455738571
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 99,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This issue of Endocrinology Clinics brings the reader up do date on the current standards and important advances in insulin therapy. The following clinical topics are discussed: types of insulins, including new insulins; goals of therapy; pathophysiology of, and insulin treatment in type1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus; pumps and glucose sensors; alternative insulin delivery; patient and provider insulin resistance; inpatient insulin therapy; insulin therapy in pregnancy; and pediatric insulin therapy. 960 pp. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455758442 ISBN 13: 9781455758449
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 101,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Traditionally, professional medical and surgical society meetings, journals, and texts are single-specialty driven to accommodate specific specialists with information most important to them. A consequence of this structure is that it can create an unintentional and artificial barrier to sharing knowledge that can benefit patient outcomes. Cosmetic and reconstructive surgeons, more than ever, are seeking to know what other specialists are doing. This publication, the first of a series, focuses on the brow and upper eyelid rejuvenation and presents varied and complementary techniques from the core specialties of Plastic surgery, Oculoplastic surgery, Facial plastic surgery, and Dermatology to address all aspects of rejuvenation procedures of the upper face. Surgical and non-invasive techniques are presented concisely, focusing on time-tested as well as novel procedures. The most talented and accomplished subspecialists in their respective fields provide insights into such topics as Preoperative Evaluation for the Upper Eyelid and Brow; Aesthetic Enhancements in Upper Blepharoplasty; Asian Upper Lid Blepharoplasty; Prevention and Intraoperative Management of Blepharoplasty Complications; Ptosis Repair in Aesthetic Blepharoplasty; Adjunctive Fat Grafting of the Brow/Upper Lid; The Open Brow Lift; Adjunctive Skin Care of the Brow and Upper Lid; among many others. Specific techniques, Patient perspective and goals, and clear anatomic descriptions are presented with each procedure, with several offering technique videos. Guest editors Babak Azizzadeh and Guy Massry strongly believe that, with more and varied practitioners with different training taking on cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries or procedures, transparency of information is essential in order to expose the best information to all practitioners of this art and science. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 1455772887 ISBN 13: 9781455772889
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 142,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The Year Book of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health brings you abstracts of the articles that reported the year's breakthrough developments in psychiatry and mental health, carefully selected from more than 300 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice. There's no faster or easier way to stay informed! Annual topics feature the latest information on biological psychiatry, alcohol and substance-related disorders, psychiatry and the law, psychotherapy, and clinical psychiatry. Englisch.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Elsevier Health Sciences Dez 2012, 2012
ISBN 10: 0323088821 ISBN 13: 9780323088824
Da: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germania
EUR 145,99
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The Year Book of Medicine brings you abstracts of the articles that reported the year's breakthrough developments in medicine, carefully selected from more than 500 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice. There's no faster or easier way to stay informed! Sections are included on Rheumatology, Infectious Disease, Hematology and Oncology, Kidney, Water, and Electrolytes, Pulmonary Disease, Heart and Cardiovascular Disease, The Digestive System, and Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism. 608 pp. Englisch.