Springer netherlands springer okt 2011 (Oltre 1700 risultati)

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Many historians have concerned themselves with the founding of the German Empire in 1871 and the means used to unite the disparate sections of Germany, many of which had older traditions than did Bismarck's Prussia. Understandably writers have given more attention to the victor than to the vanquished. Except for polemicists who seek to prove the wrong done or to vindicate the action taken, scholars have been interested in writing about trends which were to become significant in the new Reich, about the new governmental structure itself, and about the diplomacy and statesmanship which were used to form the new German nation-state. But the consolidation of many diverging strands of political, economic, and social traditions in the new state left many issues unsolved and in fact seemed to create new ones. Many of these problems, while not overtly affecting the basic outline of German history, have nonetheless influenced it and have become at times serious matters of concern for the Reich Chancellor. One of the problems was the threat of particularist sentiment to the national unity which Bismarck was trying to create. Although there was an awareness among some nineteenth century Ger mans of a specific German nationality, the majority of people did not think in terms of a German unity but regarded themselves as Bavarians, Saxons, or belonging to some other Stamm, or tribal subdivision of the Germans.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -The design and assessment of modern high temperature plant demands an understanding of the creep and rupture behaviour of materials under multi axial stress states. Examples include thread roots in steam turbine casing bolts, branch connections in nuclear pressure vessels and blade root fixings in gas or steam turbine rotors. At one extreme the simple notch weakening/notch strengthening characterization of the material by circumferentially vee-notched uniaxial rupture tests, as specified in many national standards, may be sufficient. These were originally intended to model thread roots and their conservatism is such that they frequently are considered adequate for design purposes. At the other extreme full size or model component tests may be employed to determine the safety margins built into design codes. This latter approach is most commonly used for internally pressurized components, particularly where welds are involved. However, such tests are extremely expensive and the use of modern stress analysis techniques combined with a detailed knowledge of multiaxial properties offers a more economic alternative. Design codes, by their nature, must ensure conservatism and are based on a material's minimum specified properties. In the case of high temperature components the extension of life beyond the nominal design figure, say from 100000 to 200000 h, offers very significant economic benefits. However, this may require a more detailed understanding of the multiaxial behaviour of a specific material than was available at the design stage.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Technology transfer has a long history, but only recently has it become the subject of study and action. The rapid rate of scientific and technical advance in both Europe and the United States and the existence of large technology gaps among nations has brought the importance of the process into sharper focus, and has c~used technology transfer to have implications for countless aspects of both national and international develop ment. Technology transfer has been variously defined as: the process of information transfer between science, technology and actual utilization of scientific data and ideas, to wit: production of goods and services; the process by which science and technology are diffused throughout human activity; the transfer of research results into operations; the process by which technical information originating in one setting is adapted for use in another setting. Collectively, these and other definitions share a common theme which characterizes the process as one of bringing technology i'ilto widespread use in solving mankind's problems in the shortest practical time. The first NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Technology Transfer in July, 1973, brought together many of the individuals dealing with quantitative data, based on empirical research. This conference had both the advantages and disadvantages of a somewhat detached point of view. The ASI also had lectures contributed by representatives from government agencies and corporations (and a few university-based scholars) who had been active as practitioners or consultants in policy-making and organizational design for technology transfer.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -1. 1. Motivation This book is based on the view-tx)int that both public and private decision making, in practice, can often be ilrproved upon by means of fonnal (nonnative) decision nodels and methods. To sane extent, the validity of this statement can be measured by the irrpressive number of su=esses of disciplines as operations research and management science. Hcwever, as witnessed by the many discussions in the professional journals in these fields, many rrodels and methods do not completely meet the requirements of decision making in prac tice. Of all possible origins of these clear shortcomings, we main- ly focus on only one: the fact that nost of these nodels and methods are unsuitable for decision situations in which multiple and possi bly conflicting objectives playa role, because they are concentra ted on the (optimal) fulfilment of only one objective. The need to account for multiple goals was observed relatively early. Hoffman [1955], while describing 'what seem to be the prin cipal areas (in linear prograrrrning) where new ideas and new methods are needed' gives an exanple with conflicting goals. In this pro blem, the assignrrent of relative weights is a great problem for the planning staff and is 'probably not the province of the mathemati cian engaged in solving this problem'. These remarks were true pre cursors of later develor:nents. Nevertheless, the need for methods dealing with multiple goals was not widely recognized until much later. 276 pp. Englisch. …

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Until the nineteenth century Jacques-Auguste de Thou (1553-1617) was among the most famous and most valued of historians. While his first fame was a succes de scandale - the History of His Time was placed on the Index in 160g - de Thou's work quickly found favor with the humanistically-educated learned class throughout Europe. The esteem in which the History was held transcended religious divisions. The historian received letters of praise from staunchly orthodox Spain and Portugal as well as from heretic England and Germany; through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries his History was read with enthusi asm by certain cardinals at the very curia which condemned it; and so staunch a champion of orthodoxy as Bishop Bossuet did not hesitate to appeal to 'such a great author' for support in his own historical works. ! To the philosophe of the Enlightenment de Thou's impartiality in de scribing the impassioned times through which he lived and the exact yet eloquent style with which he wrote the History of His Time were familiar touchstones. Voltaire appealed to the 'truthful and eloquent de Thou' again and again in his works,2 William Pitt rose in the House of Commons to quote the words of the 'great historian of France' during the early years of the French Revolution,3 Lessing 4 and Herder 5 praised him with poetic hyperbole, and Edward Gibbon re ferred to 'the authority of my masters, the grave Thuanus and the philosophic Hume . . . . 368 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The present book collects seven studies on the grammatical aspects of number names. No attempt has been made to unify the notation, but all authors work from a generative viewpoint. Each contribution chosen gives more than just a description of the number name system in a certain language. Thus, the linguist interested in simplicity, types of transformations, functional rules, tagmemic rules, comparisons be tween languages, or language universals may profit from this collection. H. BRANDT CORSTIUS v T ABLE OF CONTENTS A. V AN KA TWIJ K / A Functional Grammar of Dutch Number Names 1 BARRON BRAINERD / On the Syntax of Certain Classes of Numerical Expressions 9 BARRON BRAINERD / A Transformational-Generative Grammar for Rumanian Numerical Expressions 41 BARRON BRAINERD and FRED C. C. PENG / A Syntactic Comparison of Chinese and Japanese Numerical Expressions 53 RANI SIROMONEY / Grammars of Number Names of Certain Dravidian Languages 82 WILLIAM R. MERRIFIELD / Number Names in Four Languages of Mexico 91 HUGO BRANDT CORSTIUS / Automatic Translation between Number Names 103 VII A. VAN KATWIJK A FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR OF DUTCH NUMBER NAMES At the present time there are quite a number of generative grammars for numerical expressions. Brainerd (1967) even mentions the possibility of giving 'a complete description of systems of numerical expressions in any language', where the transformation theory of number names provides a framework for discussions of a number of universals. He also refers to the advantages of completeness of descriptions being possible in these grammars. 136 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -When in 1925 the initiative was taken by the Kern Institute Leiden to start the publica tion of an Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology, the Board of the Institute could do so with confidence, as it was sure of the assistance of scholars all over the world as to the supply of publications as well as of information. With the help of this material a bibliography could be compiled by a small team of highly skilled archaeologists who could devote part of their time and attention to such a task for the benefit of their colleagues in all parts of the world. Times since then have changed, and circumstances have become less and less favourable. To find classified labour for the compilation and editing of such a bibliography has become extremely difficult, and this the more so as this work cannot be paid in accordance with the standards for this branch of classified documentation. The work has to be done as a part of the daily routine work even a scholar in today's time is expected to perform, and which he cannot but consider as being detrimental to the performing of those parts of his work, that demand the use of those qualifications that actually make him the expert. 192 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Technology transfer has a long history, but only recently has it become the subject of study and action. The rapid rate of scientific and technical advance in both Europe and the United States and the existence of large technology gaps among nations has brought the importance of the process into sharper focus, and has c~used technology transfer to have implications for countless aspects of both national and international develop ment. Technology transfer has been variously defined as: the process of information transfer between science, technology and actual utilization of scientific data and ideas, to wit: production of goods and services; the process by which science and technology are diffused throughout human activity; the transfer of research results into operations; the process by which technical information originating in one setting is adapted for use in another setting. Collectively, these and other definitions share a common theme which characterizes the process as one of bringing technology i'ilto widespread use in solving mankind's problems in the shortest practical time. The first NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Technology Transfer in July, 1973, brought together many of the individuals dealing with quantitative data, based on empirical research. This conference had both the advantages and disadvantages of a somewhat detached point of view. The ASI also had lectures contributed by representatives from government agencies and corporations (and a few university-based scholars) who had been active as practitioners or consultants in policy-making and organizational design for technology transfer. 484 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The activities of the Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei cover a broad spectrum of research topics, ranging from economics to engineering, from environmen tal management at the industry or regional level to basic mathematical model ling research. It is the combination of the activities on these last two topics that led the Fondazione to organise, with the University of Geneva, a work shop where operation research tools were designed with the aim to provide national and local policy makers with appropriate analytical and policy instru ments for environmental management. In the recent past, attention has often been devoted to global environmen tal issues in which the level of policy making is either international, through multi-country agreements on emission control, or national, when environ mental policies are designed to control domestic pollution. Many environ mental problems, however, have a local or regional dimension. Even when their dimension is global, e. g. in the case of the greenhouse gas effect, relevant decisions on emission control, such as the adoption of energy saving utilities, are taken at the local level. In many countries, the current legislation imposes the local authorities to prepare plans and adopt measures to control energy consumption or to reduce waste of natural resources. It is therefore important to analyze the way in which local or regional authorities optimise their environmental management. 276 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -URBAN WATER INFRASTRUCTURE NATO ADVANCED RESEARCH WORKSHOP SUMMARY 22-27 JUNE 1989 KYLE E SCHILLING P E Workshop Director The Workshop was based on the recognition that all NATO countries are concerned with similar water infrastructure issues. Present problems are aggravated by aging and neglected facilities, by inadequate financing and by water management institutions reflecting the needs of an earlier era. Service needs to be provided for expanding populations, at the same time that corrective measures must be taken for decaying older urban centers, resulting both from neglect and expiring service life. These needs exist within the framewode of other competing and conflicting uses for existing and yet to be developed water sources. The problems have generated some highly visible national debates over financing due to the large sums involved. Despite differences in the age of the North American, European and other societies, the technological ages of water supply and storm water systems are much the same and provide a common denominator in the worldwide trend to urbanization. Examination of approaches to urban water management also indicates that they are generally based on past experience and institutions created in a non-urban era. The physical, financial and institutional alternatives are consequently often out-of-step with current urban environment. Historically, the supply of adequate water and efficient storm water management have also been top priority items with water quality and other aspects of environmental protection assuming a lower priority after basic supply needs have been met. 320 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -About two years ago, while studying the dynamic properties of Fe (CO)IJ ,we realized that there 3 was virtually no single source of infonnation on the structural dynamics of materials. The time domain of different dynamic structural processes covers many orders of magnitude and may be in vestigated by numerous, vastly different, experimental techniques. Indeed, the subject seemed ap propriate for a NATO Advanced Study Institute at which we could bring together chemists, physicists, metallurgists, and bioscientists using the various techniques for the study of sundry time sensitive materials. The actual Advanced Study Institute, which met in II Ciocco, Italy, from 14 to 26 June 1987, was, in fact, a dynamic experience for those of us involved. Now we have come to the final phase, the communication of the results of this Advanced Study Institute to the general scientific community. In so doing, we hope to provide in one place a convenient source of infor mation on dynamics at the surface and within a solid state material. The beautiful mountainous setting of Tuscany and especially the idyllic surroundings of II Ciocco provided an ideal venue for the Advanced Study Institute. Our field trip to Pisa linked our topic to the history of time measurement through a visit to the Pisa cathedral where, presumably, Galileo first conceived the isochronism of the simple pendulum and its use in time measurement. 608 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The history of modern helioseismology is only ten years old. In 1975 F-L Deubner separated for the first time the spatial and temporal pro perties of the solar five-minute oscillations, and was thus able to measure the dispersion relation for high-degree acoustic modes (p modes). The diagnostic value of these observations was appreciated immediately. Indeed, by comparing the observed relation with computations that had already been carried out by R.K. Ulrich, and subsequently by H. Ando and Y. Osaki, it was recognised that contemporary solar models that had been constructed with the low observed neutrino flux in mind were too hot in their outer layers. Moreover, their convection zones were too shallow. Since that time the observations have improved. There is now good reason to suppose that a sufficiently careful analysis will lead to a direct determination of the helium abundance in the solar convection zone, especially when foreseeable further improvements in the observations have been achieved. The data will also provide useful diagnostics of the uncertain equation of state of partially ionized plasmas, and they might also enable us to measure the large-scale structure of the convec tive flow. 496 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Since insulin became available for the treatment of diabetes in 1922 a number of major advances have been made, which include the modification of insulin to vary its timing of action, its purification, and latterly, the production of human insulin. Human insulin in quantities sufficiently large for therapy has been made available by two techniques developed in parallel during the late 1970s. These involve either (i) formulation in E. coli bacteria suitably encoded by DNA recombinant methods of the A- and B-chains of human insulin followed by a chain combination reaction ('biosynthetic' human insulin) or (ii) enzymatic conversion (transpeptidation) of porcine insulin brought to react with a threonine ester by porcine trypsin in a mixture of water and organic solvents, yielding human insulin ('semi-synthetic' human insulin). This book includes the first clinical-pharmacological studies of each of the highly purified 'semi-synthetic' human insulin preparations: Actrapid ® HM; Monotard® HM; Protaphane® HM; Actraphane® HM; and Ultratard® HM (Novo Industri A/S, Copenhagen). The preliminary studies established their safety and efficacy relative to their porcine and bovine counterparts emphasising the relevance of species and formulation on the pharmacokinetics and biological responses to insulin. Additional investigations with human insulin demonstrated the influence of insulin concentration, site of administration, the addition of aprotinin to insulin and the mixing of 'short-' and 'intermediate-acting' formulations on insulin 'bioavailability'. Examination of the 'within' and 'between' subject day-to-day variation in absorption and the effect of subcutaneous insulin also demonstrates the dominating influence of insulin responsiveness. 308 pp. Englisch. …

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The basic objective of agricultural research at ICARDA is to enhance producer and consumer welfare through increasing the productivity, stability, and profitability of agriculture. Improved practices must be technically, economi cally, and socially suitable to farmer conditions. The rainfed areas of West Asia and North Africa have highly variable environmental conditions as well as complex social and economic structures. In recent years, the region has been experiencing major changes in the relative availabilities and costs of the classical factors of production: land, labor and capital. These changes have important implications for the design of new agricultural technology. On the one hand, the availability of labor may be an important factor determining the acceptability of new technology. On the other, it is important to consider the impact that technology can have on rural employment. To develop a better awareness ofthese issues and their relevance to technology development, ICARDA initiated a project on Agricultural Labor and Tech nological Change (ALTC). The first stage of the project was a review of existing information' on these issues; this review was published as a book under the title Labor and Rainfed Agriculture in West Asia and North Africa. 232 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -1. Lipids of chick retina during ontogenesis.- 2. Protein synthesis by differentiating neuroblasts and glioblasts in cell culture: a model system for analysis of genetic neurologic disease.- 3. Morphologic maturation of the brain: a quantitative study.- 4. Factors contributing to abnormal neuronal development in the cerebral cortex of the human infant.- 5. Assessment and significance of behavioural states.- 6. Sleep behavior: genetic regulation.- 7. Developmental plasticity in the visual cortex.- 8. Language representation and brain development.- 9. Zinc and the developing nervous system: toxic effects of zinc on the central nervous system of the preweanling rabbit.- 10. Morphologic and biochemical effects of hormones on the developing nervous system in mammals.- 11. Effects of drugs, narcotics and toxins on the chemical maturation of the infant brain.- 12. Toxic effects of elevated oxygen tension on brain maturation.- 13. Nerve growth factor.- 14. Viral infections and brain development.- 15. Infectious and immunologic diseases affecting the developing nervous system.- 16. Biochemical aspects of the maturation of serotoninergic neurons in the rat brain.- 17. The development of central catecholamine neuron systems: some implications for disease.- 18. Developmental retardation in rat brain after perinatal seizures.- 19. Pathophysiologic basis for the selective vulnerability of the immature rat brain to seizures.- 20. Post-natal seizures clinical effects.- 21. Specific postnatal threats to brain development: dendritic changes.- 22. Metabolic aspects of cerebral anoxia-asphyxia in the fetus and newborn.- 23. Postnatal maturation of the local cerebral circulation.- 24. Methods for promoting functional recovery following brain damage. 368 pp. Englisch. …

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -2Vlanuals of mineral dressing or more precisely those of comminution-classifi cation treat in particular the mechanics of the machines, and generally their handling. In this way the plant engineer becomes acquainted with the equip ment but is given no help in learning something of the processes taking place in the material to be comminuted even though the purpose of the operation is to enhance wanted and to avoid unwanted physical or physico-chemical processes. Neglecting the description or representation of generally used and well known equipment the object of this monograph is to supply information on the processes taking place in grinding installations. It explains the sometimes complicated phemonena by applying quite simple means; it requires only an elementary knowledge of mathematics, mechanics and physical chemistry. The ideas are applicable to the grinding of all brittle raw materials or semi finished industrial products. The special problems of cement grinding and thm;e of hall mills are explained in more detail; in cement grinding we have to meet special requirements with regard to ball mills apart from other con siderations -, since these now demand the greatest overall energy consumption. Currently disputed problems are dealt with, and naturally the views of the author are given in detail, but contrary views are also mentioned and the ample list of references ensures that these opposing views can be considered. 156 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This is the fourth volume of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) compiled from documents prepared in these laboratories in part fulfilment of the requirements of various Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations and guidelines. SOPs have now become an everyday feature of work in most industrial and contract toxicology laboratories. They provide a written definition of the mechanics of unit operations which together comprise the framework for experiments in safety evaluation. Metabolic studies and analytical chemistry are closely linked to toxicology since they embody essential aspects of the overall assessment of product safety. Some authorities consider certain parts of these subjects to be outwith the scope of the GLP requirements but for the reasons stated this is contrary to our own view. We have tried where possible to define in SOP format for use in our own laboratories the unit operations involved in these disciplines and they form the basis of this volume. Some relevant material from previous volumes has been brought together in updated form and is also presented here for completeness. Dr I P Sword Managing Director Inveresk Research International Musselburgh EH21 7UB Scotland ix Introduction GENERAL 1. The Food and Drug Administration of the US Government published its Good Laboratory Practice Regulations for Non-Clinical Laboratory Studies in the Federal Register (22 December 1978). The Regulations are the culmin ation of a number of years of investigation into the standards to which safety evaluation studies were performed in laboratories in the USA. 312 pp. Englisch. …

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -'SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF '!HE UNDEROLED MELT' This title was chosen as the topical headline of the Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) from March 17 to 22 1985, held at the Castle of Theuern. The usual term 'Rapid Solidification' is an overlapping description. Due to the fact that nucleation is so eminently important for the undercooling of a melt and this, in turn, is an important characteristic of rapid solidifi cation, undercooling plays an essential role in 'rapid solidification.' The undercooled melt has caused an 'accelerated evolution' (if not a revolution) in materials science during the last decade. Several rather exciting concepts with interesting potential for novel applications are being pursued presently in various laboratories and companies. They concern not only new processes and ha~ware developments, but also present chal lenging perspectives for ventures, including the founding of new companies; or they promise growth possibilities with established larger and smaller industrial establishments. 308 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book is intended to be a reference text on hydrostatic extru sion, a multidisciplinary technology involving the forming process of materials, tribology, high pressure engineering and so forth. Until now only one book bearing the title of hydrostatic extrusion, by Prof. Alexander and Dr. Lengyel, has been published since 1971. Although there are chapters on hydrostatic extrusion in such books as THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS UNDER PRESSURE edited by Dr. Pugh, METAL FORMING by Prof. Avitzur and HIGH PRESSURE TECHNOLOGY by Drs. Spain and Paauwe, it is regrettable that no up~to-date reference books on hydro static extrusion are available. As is well known, hydrostatic extrusion is a nearly-ideal lubricated extrusion. Its advantages have been demonstrated by laboratory research in the past two decades, yet many manufacturers, however, still hesitate to adopt the technology in their plants. Their hesitation is certainly due to the lack of exact information on the process and its equipment and also to 'their unfamiliarity with the actual method of operation. In order to provide a useful introduction to the subject for engi neers who work in industries which plan to employ this technique and also to give exact and reliable information on the durability and perfo- ance of production facilities, as well as the capabilities of the process and the properties of extruded products, we decided to publish this book. Starting with theories and computational methods, the processes of cold, warm and hot hydrostatic extrusion are described by experts in their respective fields. 396 pp. Englisch. …

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Approach your problems from the right end It isn't that they can't see the solution. It is and begin with the answers. Then one day, that they can't see the problem. perhaps you will find the final question. G. K. Chesterton. The Scandal of Father 'The Hermit Clad in Crane Feathers' in R. Brown 'The point of a Pin'. van Gulik's The Chinese Maze Murders. Growing specialization and diversification have brought a host of monographs and textbooks on increasingly specialized topics. However, the 'tree' of knowledge of mathematics and related fields does not grow only by putting forth new branches. It also happens, quite often in fact, that branches which were thought to be completely disparate are suddenly seen to be related. Further, the kind and level of sophistication of mathematics applied in various sciences has changed drastically in recent years: measure theory is used (non-trivially) in regional and theoretical economics; algebraic geometry interacts with physics; the Minkowsky lemma, coding theory and the structure of water meet one another in packing and covering theory; quantum fields, crystal defects and mathematical programming profit from homotopy theory; Lie algebras are relevant to filtering; and prediction and electrical engineering can use Stein spaces. And in addition to this there are such new emerging subdisciplines as 'experimental mathematics', 'CFD', 'completely integrable systems', 'chaos, synergetics and large-scale order', which are almost impossible to fit into the existing classification schemes. They draw upon widely different sections of mathematics. 492 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -P. Antognetti University of Genova, Italy Director of the NATO ASI The key importance of VLSI circuits is shown by the national efforts in this field taking place in several countries at differ ent levels (government agencies, private industries, defense de partments). As a result of the evolution of IC technology over the past two decades, component complexi ty has increased from one single to over 400,000 transistor functions per chip. Low cost of such single chip systems is only possible by reducing design cost per function and avoiding cost penalties for design errors. Therefore, computer simulation tools, at all levels of the design process, have become an absolute necessity and a cornerstone in the VLSI era, particularly as experimental investigations are very time-consuming, often too expensive and sometimes not at all feasible. As minimum device dimensions shrink, the need to understand the fabrication process in a quanti tati ve way becomes critical. Fine patterns, thin oxide layers, polycristalline silicon interco~ nections, shallow junctions and threshold implants, each become more sensitive to process variations. Each of these technologies changes toward finer structures requires increased understanding of the process physics. In addition, the tighter requirements for process control make it imperative that sensitivities be unde~ stood and that optimation be used to minimize the effect of sta tistical fluctuations. 636 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The challenge of bioseparations is to isolate and purify identified products from the dilute product broth produced from cell culture. Innovation in bioseparations technology is increasingly driven by the requirements imposed by the growing importance of production on a process scale of injectable-grade products, and economic pressures to improve the efficiency of downstream processing. As in other areas of technical change, science does not necessarily precede new technology: progress results from a complex and messy mixture of advances in understanding, ingenious ideas, novel techniques and chance discoveries. What is certain is that close interaction between academics and practitioners, biological scientists and process engineers is needed to solve the problems of bioseparations. The Second International Conference on Separations for Biotechnology at Reading, UK, in September 1990 set out to provide a critical multidisciplinary forum for the discussion of bioseparations. This volume contains the papers presented at the meeting. The meeting was organised around six themes with oral and poster presentations on the science and practice of bioseparations technology, and the same structure has been kept for this book. We have also included the texts of the keynote review paper by Professor Alan Michaels and the introductory review papers specially commissioned for the conference. Within each part of this book the review paper is followed by the contributed papers grouped alphabetically by their first author. All the original papers published here were accepted for publication after scientific refereeing. 672 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The photosynthetic process of higher plants converts carbon dioxide, water, and, light quanta into reduced sugars. The enzymes which catalyze this conversion are contained within the chloroplasts and can be thought of as split into two distinct groups. In one group are the enzymes of the IIlightll reactions, which harvest the light, oxidize water and generate two energy-rich intermediates, ATP and NADPH. These two intermediates plus carbon dioxide are the substrates for the second group, the IIdarkll reactions or Cal vi n cycle, which produce the reduced sugars. The chloroplast is completely bounded by an outer membrane. There is a separate, highly convoluted membrane system, the thyla koid system, enclosed within the chloroplast. The enzymes of the light reactions are physically associated with the thylakoid mem branes, while the Calvin cycle enzymes are free-floating within the stroma, or soluble part of the chloroplast (Fig. 1). GRANA MEMBRANES ARE REG I ONS WHERE THE MEMBRANES ARE APPRESSED ON EACH OTHER MEMBRANES WH ICH ARE UNAPPRESSED THT1.AKO ID t1EHBRANE ARE STROMA MEMBRANES ( ) (VES I OJLAR) (c _______ Figure 1. Schematic representation of the photosynthetic process in plant chloroplasts. PC and PCred are the oxidized and reduced ox forms of plastocyanin. PQ and PQH2 are plastoquinone and plasto quinol. For explanation, see text. 492 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -References Liquid-metal strain gages can be fabricated in either single- or delta-rosette configurations. Their main advantages are their low stiffness (essential for 1. Beatty, M.F. and Chewning, S. W., 'Numerical Analysis of the Reinforcement Effect of a Strain Gage Applied to a Soft use on composites with soft, elastomeric matrices) Material,' Int. J. Eng. Sci., 17, 907-915 (1979). and high elongation (at least 50 percent). Their prin 2. Pugin, V.A., 'Electrical Strain Gauges for Measuring Large cipal disadvantages are a short shelf life and a Deformations,' Soviet Rubber Industry, 19 (1), 23-26 (1960). nonlinear calibration curve. 3. Janssen, M.L. and Walter, J.D., 'Rubber Strain Measurements in Bias, Belted Bias and Radial Ply Tires,' J. Coated Fibrous Mat., 1, 102-117 (1971). 4. Patel, H.P., Turner, J.L., and Walter, J.D., 'Radial Tire Cord-Rubber Composite,' Rubber Chem. and Tech., 49, Acknowledgments 1095-1110 (1976). 5. Stone, J.E., Madsen, N.H., Milton, J.L., Swinson, W.F., and Turner, J.L., 'Developments in the Design and Use of Liquid-Metal Strain Gages,' EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS, 23, The author acknowledges helpful suggestions by 129-139 (1983). Dr. Joseph D. Walter of Firestone Central Research 6. Whitney, R.J., 'The Measurement of Volume Changes in Human Limbs, ' J. Physiology, 121, 1-27 (1953). 180 pp. Englisch. …

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The concept of the foeto-placental unit as an integrated endocrine organ has been defined recently by many in vivo studies at the 17th- 20th week of gestation. A functioning foeto-placental unit is necessary for most of the increased oestrogen production of pregnancy and for the provision of glucocorticoids and aldosterone to the foetus. Neither the foetus nor the placenta alone have the necessary enzyme systems for the synthesis of these groups of steroids. However, when the foetus and placenta function as a unit, all of the enzyme systems are present for the synthesis of these steroids from circulating cholesterol. The placenta, but not the mid-gestation foetal adrenal, can synthesize physiologically significant amounts of pregnenolone from circulating cholesterol. Part of the pregnenolone is converted to progesterone in the placenta by the 3~-HSD system (absent in the foetus). The progesterone is transferred to the foetus where it is transformed by C-II, C-17, C-18 and C-21 hydroxylases (all absent in the placenta) to cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone. Pregnenolone transferred from the placenta to the foetus undergoes 171X-hydroxylation, side chain splitting and sulfurylation (absent in the placenta) and is converted to DHAS. The DHAS may undergo 161X-hydroxylation (absent in the placenta) in the foetal liver and be transported to the placenta as 161X-OH-DHAS. There it is subjected to a neutral steroid sulfatase (absent in the foetus) and is converted to oestriol by action of the 3~-HSD system and the aromatizing enzyme system. 388 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -RICHARD J. GLASSOCK Introducing a scientific symposium is an uncertain and difficult task. The remarks must not be too specific lest the participant's later contributions be intruded upon, yet an overview of the goals and objectives of the conference should be presented in an inquisitive and stimulating fashion. Perhaps a compromise position would be to make a few general statements and pose a limited number of questions which hopefully would then be addressed dur ing the formal or informal portions of the meeting. A conclusion incorpo of the relevance of the specific topic to the more rating some perspectives global issues of disease and its consequences might be appropriate. The goals and objectives of this conference, as set forth by its organizers, Professors Ponti celli, D'Amico and Minetti, are rather simple and straight forward; namely, to review and elucidate the immunopathophysiology of cryoimmunoglobulins and auto-antibodies to immunoglobulins (lg) and, secondarily, to explore the possible participation of these disordered states in glomerular injury. As such, this conference is principally devoted to an analysis of two properties of certain species of the globulin fraction of serum proteins, specifically the ability to self associate on the basis of immune interactions and to form insoluble aggregates when exposed to reduced ambient temperature. As we shall see, these two properties are often dis tinctly related. 316 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The idea of holding this workshop on 'The Jllilky Way' arose at the conference dinner of a meeting on 'Regions of Recent Star Formation' held at Penticton in June 1981. Leo Blitz (now at the University of Maryland) and I decided that there was a need, and agreed that we would organize one in Vancouver in the Spring of 1982. The purpose of the workshop was to have an intensive exchange of ideas between some of the most active workers in the field regarding the recent work which has been significantly changing our concepts of the Milky Way. To achieve this we limited the number of participants, and planned the program so that there was ample time for discussion. The meeting appeared to work very well, both scientifically and socially, and this volume contains 50 of the 55 papers that were The discussion was very lengthy, but since the papers were presented. written up after the meeting many of the points raised have been in the publications, and it seems pointless to reproduce it incorporated here. Leo and I would like to thank the many people who helped to make the meeting a success: at UBC) and Frank J. Kerr (Provost of MPSE C.V. Finnegan (Dean of Science at the University of Maryland) who welcomed the participants on behalf of the sponsoring Universities. Bart Bok who opened the scientific proceedings, and Maarten Schmidt who gave the closing summary. 412 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -I: Dedicated to the Memory of lawo Tabushi (1933¿1987).- Editorial.- Iwao Tabushi (1933¿1987).- New Molecular Shapes for Recognition and Catalysis.- The Preparation of Ribose-Free ¿Artificial Dinucleotides¿: A New Approach to Molecular Recognition .- Nucleotide Recognition by Macrocyclic Receptors.- Molecular Recognition in Camitine Acyltransferases.- Cyclophanes as Hosts for Aromatic and Aliphatic Guests.- Topics in Calixarene Chemistry.- Studies Directed Towards the Fabrication of a Synthetic Cationconducting Channel Based on Lariat Ethers: the Feeble Forces Concept for Self-assembly.- Cation Selective Complexation-Coloration with Chromophoric Crowns.- Molecular Recognition of Hydrophobic Ammonium Substrates by a Cationic Octopus Cyclophane Bearing Noncovalently Bound Pyridoxal-5 -phosphate: A Vitamin B6-Dependent Holoenzyme Model.- Molecular Recognition and Host¿Guest Interactions in Complexes of O-Bistren, C-Bistren, and Bisdien.- The Interactions of Surfactant Viologens with Cyclodextrins.- Artificial Hydrolase Using Modified Dimethyl- -cyclodextrin.- II: Dedicated to the Memory of James J. Christensen (1931¿1987).- James J. Christensen 1931¿1987.- Stable Silica Gel-Bound Crown Ethers. Selective Separation of Metal Ions and a Potential for Separations of Amine Enantiomers.- Inclusion Chemistry for the Modeling of Heme Proteins.- Progress Toward Artificial Metalloenzymes: New Ligands for Transition Metal Ions and Neutral Molecules.- Template Synthesis of Ligands for Highly Charged Metal Cations.- Polycarboxylate Crown Ethers: Synthesis, Complexation, Applications.- Chemistry and Functions of Recently Developed Macrocyclic Polyamines.- Molecular Recognition of Calixarene-Based Host Molecules.- Organic Clays. Synthesis and Structure of Na5[calix[4]arene sulfonate] ¿ 12 H2O, K5[calix[4]arene sulfonate] ¿ 8 H2O, Rb5[calix[4]arene sulfonate] ¿ 5 H2O, and Cs5[calix[4]arene sulfonate] ¿ 4 H2O.- Molecular Recognition by Macropolycyclic Hosts.- The Making of Molecular Belts and Collars.- Reaction Control by a Host¿Guest Complexation Method.- Electrochemical Switching in Reducible Lariat Ethers: from Cation Binding Enhancements to Electrochemically-Mediated Transport.- Multi-Functionalized Chiral Crown Ethers as Enzyme Models for the Synthesis of Peptides. Multiple Chiral Recognition in the Enzyme Model.- Author Index. 296 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493-1541), commonly called Paracelsus, was both one of the most original medical thinkers of the sixteenth century and was the man who made opium (as laudanum), arsenic, copper sulphate, iron, lead, mercury, potassium sulphate, and sulphur part of the pharmacopoeia. A man of many parts, but a pioneer chemist, Paracelsus can be regarded as the originator of a body of work which was the precursor of chemical pharmacology and therapeutics. To no small extent he stands, therefore, as a father figure of the modern pharmaceutical industry. Today's physician who wants to look at that industry since the days of Paracelsus and weigh the great gains against the problems soon encounters difficulties. To diminish them, this Enquiry approaches its subject from historical principles. This gives increased perspective to questions asked late in the boo- these questions being prompted by medical practice outside the industry and some twenty years of drug development activity within it. In antiquity medicines often seem to have been used as part of magic and primitive man thought disease to be due to supernatural forces which he could influence. The legacy remains - and in trying to sort out what is rational in our use of drugs today we have to separate our small bits of science from the ancient magic and from modern commercial pressures and conditioning. 796 pp. Englisch.…

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -In the last ten years, the chemistry and physics of materials with layered structures became an intensively investigated field in the study of the solid state. Research into physical properties of these crystals and especially investigations of their physical anisotropy related to the structural anisotropy has led to remarkable and perplexing results. Most of the layered materials exist in several polytypic modifications and can include stacking faults. The crystal structures are therefore complex and it became apparent that there was a great need for a review of the crystallographic data of materials approximating two-dimensional solids. This second volume in the series 'Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures' has been written by specialists of different classes of layered materials. Structural data are reviewed and the most important relations between the structure and the chemical and physical properties are emphasized. The first three contributions are devoted to the transition metal dichalcogenides whose physical properties have been investigated in detail. The crystallographic data and crystal growth conditions are presented in the first paper. The second paper constitutes an incisive review of the phase transformations and charge density waves which have been observed in the metallic dichalcogenides. In two contributions the layered structures of newer ternary compounds are de scribed and the connection between structure and non-stoichiometry is discussed. 384 pp. Englisch.…