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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -The papers contained in this volume were presented at the third meeting of the International Organization for the Study of Human Development, held in Madrid on September 21-24, 1975. The primary objective of the Organization is to bring together persons from a wide range of disciplines concerned with problems of human development. The first meeting typified this interdisciplinary approach by concentrating on problems relating to genetic expression. The second meeting considered milk and lactation from a variety of viewpoints, including those of the molecular biologist and the geographer. The present meeting deals with nutrition as an integral part of human life as well as a fundamental discipline in the area of biology. The editors wish to thank Professors Ettore Rossi and Fabio Sereni and Dr. Frank Falkner for their invaluable assistance in planning this conference, and would particularly like to express their appreciation toward Professor Cipriano Canosa and his staff for their gracious and hospitable assist ance in providing facilities and accommodations for the participants. The editorial assistance of Mary Lynn Hendrix has aided us in our contribution; and the secretarial support of Millie Fazzi and Natalie Stover is gratefully acknowledged.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -This book contains the Proceedings of the S~cond U. S. -Japan Seminar on Learning Control and Intelligent Control. The seminar, held at Gainesville, Florida, from October 22 to 26, 1973, was sponsored by the U. S. -Japan Cooperative Science Program, jointly supported by the National Science Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The full texts of the twenty-one presented papers are included. The papers cover a variety of topics related to learning control and intelligent control, ranging from pattern recognition to system identification, from learning control to intelligent robots. During the past decade, there has been a considerable increase of interest in problems of machine learning, systems which exhibit learning behavior. In designing a system, if the a priori infor mation required is unknown or incompletely known, one approach is to design a system which is capable of learning the unknown infor mation during its operation. The learned information will then be used to improve the system's performance. This approach has been used in the design of pattern recognition systems, automatic control systems and system identification algorithms. If we naturally extend our goal to the design of systems which will behave more and more intelligently, learning systems research is only a preliminary step towards a general concept of integrated intelligent systems. One example of this class of systems is the intelligent robot, which integrates pattern recognition. learning and problem-solving into one intelligent system.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Ten years ago the first International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences (COINS-63) was held at Northwestern University. Since that time, computer and information sciences have witnessed a great intensification of research and education. The activities in this field have been significantly broadened and enriched. During this ten-year period, we have organized four COINS symposia to provide a forum for promoting com munication among scientists, engineers, and educators in the computer and information science field and to act as a catalyzer for stimulating creative thinking within the community of information processing. The COINS-72 symposium, which took place in Miami Beach on December 14--16,1972, under the cosponsorship of the U.S. Army Research Office, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the University of Florida, is the fourth International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences. The theme of this COINS symposium is information systems. This theme has been selected for the following reasons: Information systems have offered widespread applications in education, government, industry, and science. The bulk of research in computer and information science is now geared to the development of improved information systems. A major portion of software engineering is concerned with computer software and sophisticated information system design. It seems logical that a symposium on information systems should follow the preceding software engineering conference.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Presently, and in the past, the predominant investigative emphasis among research workers in arteriosclerosis has been on plasma and arterial lipids. Recent data from a number of laboratories suggest that arterial mesenchyme is of considerable importance in the pathogenesis and fate of arteriosclerotic lesions. The significance of some of these observations made it clear that there was need for intensified research on the connective tissue components of the arteriosclerotic lesion and that arteriosclerosis research workers could benefit from a more comprehensive view of the subject. Because of their experience in the field of arteriosclerosis and their interest in stimulating new directions for research on the lesion, the Committee on Coronary Artery Lesions and Myocardial Infarctions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association, planned an International Workshop on Arterial Mesenchyme and Arteriosclerosis. The Workshop brought together scientists expert in connective tissue research and research on arteriosclerosis who presented the current status of knowledge in their areas of expertise. The Workshop was held April 2-3, 1973 at the Royal Orleans Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana and was attended by more than 170 people. The twenty papers and discussions presented in this volume summarize the proceedings of the Workshop and represent a comprehensive review of the role of arterial mesenchyme in arteriosclerosis.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -This monograph deals with curious and little-known acoustic systems of commun ication based on whistling that are in use at the present time in many parts of the world and have had, on the evidence available, even greater currency in the past. In spite of their wide distribution, they have not so far received the attention they might have been expected to attract: linguistically and in other ways they are most interesting. For it should be realized that they are much more than mere codes or conventional systems of signals; they function in exactly the same way as speech (in the sense we normally use the term), being in fact rather extraordinary realizations of the languages spoken in the re gions where they occur. They utilize the vocabulary, grammar and, in many cases to a large extent, the phonology of the local speech. However their phonetic system is profoundly modified acoustically and (in some cases less so) from the point of view of articulation, because the glottal tone of every day communication, the 'voice', is repl aced by a whistl e which carries the in formation. The advantage of this procedure, from the point of view of the user, is a vastly increased range as well as, under certain circumstances, a degree of secrecy. It will be shown that whistled languages appear in two main, very different forms.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -The economics of forestry has always fascinated me as one of the most brain-taxing cases in economics. As an investment forestry is different from many other projects as it has unusually long gestation periods. For example, in the United Kingdom it takes over 40 years to grow coniferous and over 100 years for deciduous timber. These long gestation periods make it very clear how import ant are the magnitude of the discount rate and the method of discounting in the evaluation of investment projects. Any errors in these will misguide investors in forestry one way or the other. In addition, forestry redistributes income between gener ations. Its long gestation periods make it obvious that more than one generation will be involved in any venture. When we plant trees we know that the bulk of the benefits will be captured by future generations. Conversely, when we fell trees we reap the benefit of projects which were established in the past, mostly by generations who are long gone. So far most economists have devoted their time and energy to analysing income distribution in an intragenerational context, and this is a very sensitive and controversial issue. After all, most revolutions have taken place because of the uneven income distribution which was oppressive for the majority. Forestry helps us to study the case from the viewpoint of different generations. Forestry necessitates estimating timber prices a long time ahead.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -The present work is an attempt to provide a systematic treatment of genetic linkage in diploid heredity. Part A presents a general account of statistical methods which can be brought to bear on the problem. The primary emphasis is on the practical aspects of estimation. A large proportion, if not the majority, of mutant genes fail to match up to 'textbook' genes-with faultless segregation ratios and expression-yet, these are the materials with which the practical researcher has to cope. For this reason, it is important to know how to deal with the assortment of genes which may display significant deviations from expectation. Part B examines the accumulated data on linkage for most of the laboratory mammals and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date survey. The need for a critical review has often been expressed and it is hoped that the present analysis will fill the gap. The volume of material is probably the most important in the animal kingdom other than that for Drosophila species.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -This book sets out to provide a useful directory to writers, reviewers, and citizens interested in the environmental impact statement (EIS) process in the United States. Although several 'environmental' directories address a narrow portion of EIS subject matter, there is no single directory that covers the wide range of agencies and organizations involved in the EIS process. Therefore, the purpose of this directory is to bring EIS-related agencies and organizations into one comprehensive reference book. EIS writing and reviewing can be improved by providing practioners with a directory that puts them quickly in touch with the national EIS net work. At the present time, practioners must rely on their personal, and sometimes, limited network of agencies and organizations for the exchange of information. The EIS Directory quickly connects EIS-related agencies and organizations throughout the United States at the national, regional, state, and local levels. The EIS Directory is a compilation of directories provided by members of the EIS community. A written survey of over five hundred agencies and or ganizations was made in 1980. The response to the survey provided a wide range of in-house directories. This book contains approximately 4,000 entries developed from over 300 documents. This book was written in the hope that it will help people communicate more easi1y--u1timately improving the quality of EIS decision making. I re alize the limitations of this initial edition and accept the challenge of providing a more effective reference tool in future editions.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - This monograph deals with curious and little-known acoustic systems of commun ication based on whistling that are in use at the present time in many parts of the world and have had, on the evidence available, even greater currency in the past. In spite of their wide distribution, they have not so far received the attention they might have been expected to attract: linguistically and in other ways they are most interesting. For it should be realized that they are much more than mere codes or conventional systems of signals; they function in exactly the same way as speech (in the sense we normally use the term), being in fact rather extraordinary realizations of the languages spoken in the re gions where they occur. They utilize the vocabulary, grammar and, in many cases to a large extent, the phonology of the local speech. However their phonetic system is profoundly modified acoustically and (in some cases less so) from the point of view of articulation, because the glottal tone of every day communication, the 'voice', is repl aced by a whistl e which carries the in formation. The advantage of this procedure, from the point of view of the user, is a vastly increased range as well as, under certain circumstances, a degree of secrecy. It will be shown that whistled languages appear in two main, very different forms.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - The European Organization for Research into Cancer Treatment (OERTC), founded in 1962 initially under the name Groupe Europeen de Chimiotherapie Anti cancereuse (GECA), is an extramural European Institute for collecting, co-ordinating and encouraging the work of scientists researching into cancer treatment at 16 European institutes: 3 in W. Germany, 2 in Italy, 2 in Belgium, 3 in the Netherlands, 2 in the United Kingdom, 1 in Switzerland and 3 in France. The first President of OERTC was Professor GEORGES MATHE, now succeeded by Professor SILVIO GARATTINI of Milan. The organization has a Board of 20 Directors, responsible for co-ordinating the entire range of activities and guiding research and experimental studies on animals, also the first human trials of new therapeutic agents which have been fully tested on animals. The Co-operating Groups carry out com plementary testing involving large numbers of patients. Thus, OER TC is not a 'learned society' but an agency for co-ordinating work. OER TC's annual plenary meeting for 1968 was held in Paris on 22nd and 23rd March. It was given over to an intensive study of the scientific basis of chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer in man. These two working sessions brought together members of all groups, both directing and co-operating. The first day was in effect a teaching seminar, open to all practitioners wishing to use chemotherapy in cancer, and explaining the scientific basis of such treatment. This seminar constitutes the present monograph.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - The present work is an attempt to provide a systematic treatment of genetic linkage in diploid heredity. Part A presents a general account of statistical methods which can be brought to bear on the problem. The primary emphasis is on the practical aspects of estimation. A large proportion, if not the majority, of mutant genes fail to match up to 'textbook' genes-with faultless segregation ratios and expression-yet, these are the materials with which the practical researcher has to cope. For this reason, it is important to know how to deal with the assortment of genes which may display significant deviations from expectation. Part B examines the accumulated data on linkage for most of the laboratory mammals and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date survey. The need for a critical review has often been expressed and it is hoped that the present analysis will fill the gap. The volume of material is probably the most important in the animal kingdom other than that for Drosophila species.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - The economics of forestry has always fascinated me as one of the most brain-taxing cases in economics. As an investment forestry is different from many other projects as it has unusually long gestation periods. For example, in the United Kingdom it takes over 40 years to grow coniferous and over 100 years for deciduous timber. These long gestation periods make it very clear how import ant are the magnitude of the discount rate and the method of discounting in the evaluation of investment projects. Any errors in these will misguide investors in forestry one way or the other. In addition, forestry redistributes income between gener ations. Its long gestation periods make it obvious that more than one generation will be involved in any venture. When we plant trees we know that the bulk of the benefits will be captured by future generations. Conversely, when we fell trees we reap the benefit of projects which were established in the past, mostly by generations who are long gone. So far most economists have devoted their time and energy to analysing income distribution in an intragenerational context, and this is a very sensitive and controversial issue. After all, most revolutions have taken place because of the uneven income distribution which was oppressive for the majority. Forestry helps us to study the case from the viewpoint of different generations. Forestry necessitates estimating timber prices a long time ahead.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - The papers contained in this volume were presented at the third meeting of the International Organization for the Study of Human Development, held in Madrid on September 21-24, 1975. The primary objective of the Organization is to bring together persons from a wide range of disciplines concerned with problems of human development. The first meeting typified this interdisciplinary approach by concentrating on problems relating to genetic expression. The second meeting considered milk and lactation from a variety of viewpoints, including those of the molecular biologist and the geographer. The present meeting deals with nutrition as an integral part of human life as well as a fundamental discipline in the area of biology. The editors wish to thank Professors Ettore Rossi and Fabio Sereni and Dr. Frank Falkner for their invaluable assistance in planning this conference, and would particularly like to express their appreciation toward Professor Cipriano Canosa and his staff for their gracious and hospitable assist ance in providing facilities and accommodations for the participants. The editorial assistance of Mary Lynn Hendrix has aided us in our contribution; and the secretarial support of Millie Fazzi and Natalie Stover is gratefully acknowledged.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - A fundamental step towards gaining a deeper understanding of our world is to increase the resolution of the investigative instruments we use; i.e. to increase the energy, and hence to decrease the wavelength, of the particles which constitute our probes. Almost any substantial progress in our understanding of the fundamental laws of Nature has been obtained when a new generation of accelerators has allowed us to achieve a new energy range. The new results have generated new questions, thus encouraging us to construct new machines to reach even higher energy levels. The relative energy gain from one generation of accelerators to the next is progressively increasing. The energy ga in suggested by the theoretical predictions at the time has usually been much greater than the value allowed by our technical capabilities. But this smaller energy gain permitted by accelerator technology improvement has generally been sufficient up until now to bring about a substantial increase in our knowledge. Hence a large increase in accelerator energy is very important, and we know that this result can essentially be obtained by developing some new device or some new approach.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - The current volumes of The Hippocampus reflect the prodigious amount of work aimed at discovering the functions of this structure over the past decade. The hippocampus ideally lends itself to two types of study: (1) because of its regular and relatively simple cytoarchitecture, it can serve as a model for cortical processing in general, and (2) because of its size and central location, the role of the hippocampus in the total ecology of brain function poses an important challenge. We attempted to divide the contributions to Volumes 3 and 4 according to these two types of experimental aims. As always, however, when one makes dichotomies, one finds them inadequate in treating certain data and our attempt is no exception. There are contributions that do not fit the classification and there are others which fit both. In addition, there are manuscripts which we wanted to include but which the authors were not ready to submit at this time. Larry Squire, Mortimer Mishkin, and others are making important contributions which donot appear in these volumes except among references throughout. But this was also the case for Volumes 1 and 2 where we sorely miss the irreplaceable contributions of James Olds, Ross Adey, and Brenda Milner. Volume 4 is concerned primarily with the role of the hippocampus in the ecology of the brain in regulating behavior and experience. The contri butions have the potential to raise the level of our understanding considerably.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - In a very comprehensible and entertaining way explores the main findings of the first academic research on world scouting, the largest young movement on the planet. The work revisits scouting's origins, analyzing its structure and recognition policy, its role in developing ideas of global citizenship and belonging, and the spirit of scouting.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Ten years ago the first International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences (COINS-63) was held at Northwestern University. Since that time, computer and information sciences have witnessed a great intensification of research and education. The activities in this field have been significantly broadened and enriched. During this ten-year period, we have organized four COINS symposia to provide a forum for promoting com munication among scientists, engineers, and educators in the computer and information science field and to act as a catalyzer for stimulating creative thinking within the community of information processing. The COINS-72 symposium, which took place in Miami Beach on December 14--16,1972, under the cosponsorship of the U.S. Army Research Office, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the University of Florida, is the fourth International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences. The theme of this COINS symposium is information systems. This theme has been selected for the following reasons: Information systems have offered widespread applications in education, government, industry, and science. The bulk of research in computer and information science is now geared to the development of improved information systems. A major portion of software engineering is concerned with computer software and sophisticated information system design. It seems logical that a symposium on information systems should follow the preceding software engineering conference.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - This book contains the Proceedings of the S~cond U. S. -Japan Seminar on Learning Control and Intelligent Control. The seminar, held at Gainesville, Florida, from October 22 to 26, 1973, was sponsored by the U. S. -Japan Cooperative Science Program, jointly supported by the National Science Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The full texts of the twenty-one presented papers are included. The papers cover a variety of topics related to learning control and intelligent control, ranging from pattern recognition to system identification, from learning control to intelligent robots. During the past decade, there has been a considerable increase of interest in problems of machine learning, systems which exhibit learning behavior. In designing a system, if the a priori infor mation required is unknown or incompletely known, one approach is to design a system which is capable of learning the unknown infor mation during its operation. The learned information will then be used to improve the system's performance. This approach has been used in the design of pattern recognition systems, automatic control systems and system identification algorithms. If we naturally extend our goal to the design of systems which will behave more and more intelligently, learning systems research is only a preliminary step towards a general concept of integrated intelligent systems. One example of this class of systems is the intelligent robot, which integrates pattern recognition. learning and problem-solving into one intelligent system.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Presently, and in the past, the predominant investigative emphasis among research workers in arteriosclerosis has been on plasma and arterial lipids. Recent data from a number of laboratories suggest that arterial mesenchyme is of considerable importance in the pathogenesis and fate of arteriosclerotic lesions. The significance of some of these observations made it clear that there was need for intensified research on the connective tissue components of the arteriosclerotic lesion and that arteriosclerosis research workers could benefit from a more comprehensive view of the subject. Because of their experience in the field of arteriosclerosis and their interest in stimulating new directions for research on the lesion, the Committee on Coronary Artery Lesions and Myocardial Infarctions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association, planned an International Workshop on Arterial Mesenchyme and Arteriosclerosis. The Workshop brought together scientists expert in connective tissue research and research on arteriosclerosis who presented the current status of knowledge in their areas of expertise. The Workshop was held April 2-3, 1973 at the Royal Orleans Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana and was attended by more than 170 people. The twenty papers and discussions presented in this volume summarize the proceedings of the Workshop and represent a comprehensive review of the role of arterial mesenchyme in arteriosclerosis.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - This book sets out to provide a useful directory to writers, reviewers, and citizens interested in the environmental impact statement (EIS) process in the United States. Although several 'environmental' directories address a narrow portion of EIS subject matter, there is no single directory that covers the wide range of agencies and organizations involved in the EIS process. Therefore, the purpose of this directory is to bring EIS-related agencies and organizations into one comprehensive reference book. EIS writing and reviewing can be improved by providing practioners with a directory that puts them quickly in touch with the national EIS net work. At the present time, practioners must rely on their personal, and sometimes, limited network of agencies and organizations for the exchange of information. The EIS Directory quickly connects EIS-related agencies and organizations throughout the United States at the national, regional, state, and local levels. The EIS Directory is a compilation of directories provided by members of the EIS community. A written survey of over five hundred agencies and or ganizations was made in 1980. The response to the survey provided a wide range of in-house directories. This book contains approximately 4,000 entries developed from over 300 documents. This book was written in the hope that it will help people communicate more easi1y--u1timately improving the quality of EIS decision making. I re alize the limitations of this initial edition and accept the challenge of providing a more effective reference tool in future editions.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -This second volume of the Charged Particle Traps deals with the rapidly expanding body of research exploiting the electromagnetic con nement of ions, whose principles and techniques were the subject of volume I. These applications include revolutionary advances in diverse elds, ranging from such practical elds as mass spectrometry, to the establishment of an ult- stable standard of frequency and the emergent eld of quantum computing made possible by the observation of the quantum behavior of laser-cooled con nedions. Bothexperimentalandtheoreticalactivity intheseapplications has proliferated widely, and the number of diverse articles in the literature on its many facets has reached the point where it is useful to distill and organize the published work in a uni ed volume that de nes the current status of the eld. As explained in volume I, the technique of con ning charged particles in suitable electromagnetic elds was initially conceived by W. Paul as a thr- dimensional version of his rf quadrupole mass lter. Its rst application to rf spectroscopy on atomic ions was completed in H. G. Dehmelt¿s laboratory where notable work was later done on the free electron using the Penning trap. The further exploitation of these devices has followed more or less - dependently along the two initial broad areas: mass spectrometry and high resolution spectroscopy. In volume I a detailed account is given of the theory of operation and experimental techniques of the various forms of Paul and Penning ion traps.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Volume II.- 10 Measures and Iwasawa Power Series.- 1. Iwasawa Invariants for Measures.- 2. Application to the Bernoulli Distributions.- 3. Class Numbers as Products of Bernoulli Numbers.- Appendix by L. Washington: Probabilities.- 4. Divisibility by l Prime to p: Washington's Theorem.- 11 The Ferrero-Washington Theorems.- 1. Basic Lemma and Applications.- 2. Equidistribution and Normal Families.- 3. An Approximation Lemma.- 4. Proof of the Basic Lemma.- 12 Measures in the Composite Case.- 1. Measures and Power Series in the Composite Case.- 2. The Associated Analytic Function on the Formal Multiplicative Group.- 3. Computation of Lp(l, x) in the Composite Case.- 13 Divisibility of Ideal Class Numbers.- 1. Iwasawa Invariants in Zp-extensions.- 2. CM Fields, Real Subfields, and Rank Inequalities.- 3. The l-primary Part in an Extension of Degree Prime to l.- 4. A Relation between Certain Invariants in a Cyclic Extension.- 5. Examples of Iwasawa.- 6. A Lemma of Kummer.- 14 p-adic Preliminaries.- 1. The p-adic Gamma Function.- 2. The Artin-Hasse Power Series.- 3. Analytic Representation of Roots of Unity.- Appendix: Barsky's Existence Proof for the p-adic Gamma Function.- 15 The Gamma Function and Gauss Sums.- 1. The Basic Spaces.- 2. The Frobenius Endomorphism.- 3. The Dwork Trace Formula and Gauss Sums.- 4. Eigenvalues of the Frobenius Endomorphism and the p-adic Gamma Function.- 5. p-adic Banach Spaces.- 16 Gauss Sums and the Artin-Schreier Curve.- 1. Power Series with Growth Conditions.- 2. The Artin-Schreier Equation.- 3. Washnitzer-Monsky Cohomology.- 4. The Frobenius Endomorphism.- 17 Gauss Sums as Distributions.- 1. The Universal Distribution.- 2. The Gauss Sums as Universal Distributions.- 3. The L-function at s = 0.- 4. The p-adic Partial Zeta Function.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Although thousands of articles and hundreds of books on aging have been published, only a small percentage of this material has dealt with anatomy, particularly at the fine structural level. It was with this in mind that Aging and Cell Structure was conceived. Volume 1 of Aging and Cell Structure was published in 1981 and represented a current compilation of information, concentrating at the electron microscopic level, on morphological changes which occur in cells and tissues as they age. The present volume completes the two-volume set. While Volume 1 highlighted structural changes occurring in the aging nervous system, Volume 2 centers its efforts on studies of in vitro aging. Chapters on other subjects are included as well. These include age-related changes seen in neuromuscular junctions, oral tissues, and the pancreas. Although these two volumes represent a very small part of the published infor mation on experimental gerontology, their approach is rather unique because they focus on anatomy, perhaps the most basic of all the biomedical sciences. Because many dif ferent tissue types are examined, we begin to see recurrent, definitive patterns in the aging cell which may not be fully apparent from studies taking one cell type at a time. This becomes even more evident in the present volume where changes seen in popula tions of cells grown in culture-isolated from hormones or nervous impulses from other body areas-are found to be similar to those changes found in vivo.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Modern technology began in the 1950's and 1960's, with the devel opment of transistor technology. At first it was useful in improving the performance of voice communications. But then it made possible extraordinary computer capability in manageable size-and at man ageable cost. First came large mainframe computers for only the largest companies; and later the microcomputer as we know it today. The increasing use of computers, in the 1960's with their ability to manipulate and store vast quantities of information, stimulated the need for computers to communicate with one another and so tele phone circuits had to be segregated and conditioned specifically for computer traffic, using the modem. Computers ushered in a new era of business communications in which data could be developed, ma nipulated, stored or transmitted with remarkable ease. The recent pace of technological advancement has been breath taking and, today, the distinction between communications and computers is no longer even necessary. Computers, at the very core of communications networks, route and control communications on major common carriers. The decade of the 1980's is bearing the fruits of the marriage of computers and communications. For the first time networks are en abling organizations to utilize the combined processing power of computers and communications equipment.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - This volume contains the contributions to a symposium held at Gatlinburg, Tennessee, under the auspices of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in April, 1971. In the past, these proceedings had appeared as a supplement to the Journal of Cellular Physiology. Due to the nature of the subject ma terial and the relevance of the topic of the symposium to the readers of BIOMEMBRANES, it was agreed by the organizers of the symposium to publish the contributions of the partici pants as a separate volume in BIOMEMBRANES. It had been originally envisaged that, from time to time, the proceedings of a conference whose subject matter was directly related to the scope of this series would be included. The proceedings are being published exactly as they have been submitted to the Editor without the usual editorial re V1S10n. This is being done to increase the speed of publica tion. For the same rOeason, no indices have been provided since the time needed to prepare an adequate subject index would have unnecessarily delayed publication. Included in the proceedings are short reports of a number of workshops that were held during the conference. The editor has received excellent cooperation from both the organizers of the conference and the several contributors to this volume. If the experiment is a success, it is thanks to their promptness.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories: to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists; because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multi disciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate. Kendric C. Smith Editor vii Contents v Contents of Earlier Volumes . . Preface . . vii Chapter 1. The Activation of Enzymes with Light . .

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) \* at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 22 (thesis year 1977) a total of 10,658 theses titles from 28 Canadian and 227 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 22 reports theses submitted in 1977, on occasion, certain universities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - That residues of pesticide and other 'foreign' chemicals in foodstuffs are of concern to everyone everywhere is amply attested by the reception accorded previous volumes of 'Residue Reviews' and by the gratifying en thusiasm, sincerity, and efforts shown by all the individuals from whom manuscripts have been solicited. Despite much propaganda to the contrary, there can never be any serious question that pest-control chemicals and food additive chemicals are essential to adequate food production, manufacture, marketing, and storage, yet without continuing surveillance and intelligent control some of those thalt persist in our foodstuffs could at times conceivably endanger the public health. Ensuring safety-in-use of these many chemicals is a dynamic challenge, for established ones are continually being displaced by newly developed ones more acceptable to food technologists, pharma cologists, toxicologists, and changing pest-control requirements in progressive food-producing economies. These matters are also of genuine concern to increasing numbers of governmental agencies and legislative bodies around the world, for some of these chemicals have resulted in a few mishaps from improper use. Adequate safety-in-use evaluations of any of these chemicals persisting into our food stuffs are not simple matters, and they incorporate the considered judgments of many individuals highly trained in a variety of complex biological, chemi cal, food technological, medical, pharmacological, and toxicological disciplines.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having only recently passed through its descriptive phase of naming and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, biochemical cytology, and high-resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have so far been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of about 22 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective as well as to develop an invaluable reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered anywhere but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - If an ion in a crystal is replaced by an impurity ion with a different charge, compensation for the charge difference must be accomplished. This is usually done by an intrinsic defect, i. e. a lattice vacancy or interstitial host ion, in such a way to balance the excess or deficit of charge. The introduction of cation vacan cies along with divalent cation impurities in alkali halides is a familiar example. If these crystals are carefully annealed, nearly all of the compensating defects migrate to the impurity ions to form impurity-defect complexes. It is the behavior of these complexes that are the principal concern in this paper. Almost invariably such complexes are dipolar in character, and when subjected to an electric or mechanical stress field, they will tend to realign to an orienta tion of lower energy provided the thermal activation is sufficiently great. If the complex consists of an impurity-vacancy couple, re orientation may occur either by the vacancy moving around the impu rity or by an exchange of positions of the partners. In general the activation energy for these two distinct reorientation paths is different. If the complex consists of an impurity-interstitial couple, interchange of positions is unlikely and reorientation is considered to occur exclusively by the motion of the interstitial around the vacancy.