springer springer mai 1998 (231 risultati)

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - This book is about estimation in situations where we believe we have enough knowledge to model some features of the data parametrically, but are unwilling to assume anything for other features. Such models have arisen in a wide variety of contexts in recent years, particularly in economics, epidemiology, and astronomy. The complicated structure of these models typically requires us to consider nonlinear estimation procedures which often can only be implemented algorithmically. The theory of these procedures is necessarily based on asymptotic approximations.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - The advent of low temperature superconductors in the early 1960's converted what had been a laboratory curiosity with very limited possibilities to a prac tical means of fabricating electrical components and devices with lossless con ductors. Using liquid helium as a coolant, the successful construction and operation of high field strength magnet systems, alternators, motors and trans mission lines was announced. These developments ushered in the era of what may be termed cryogenic power engineering and a decade later successful oper ating systems could be found such as the 5 T saddle magnet designed and built in the United States by the Argonne National Laboratory and installed on an experimental power generating facility at the High Temperature Institute in Moscow, Russia. The field of digital computers provided an incentive of a quite different kind to operate at cryogenic temperatures. In this case, the objective was to ob tain higher switching speeds than are possible at ambient temperatures with the critical issue being the operating characteristics of semiconductor switches under cryogenic conditions. By 1980, cryogenic electronics was established as another branch of electric engineering.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Ocular Surface, Lids, Tears: The Evolution of Lid Margin Changes in Blepharitis; A.J. Bron, J.M. Tiffany. Corneal Transplantation and Eye Banking: Stromal Hydrodelamination Technique in Deep Lamellar Keratoplasty with Complete Removal of Pathologic Stroma; J.Sugita. Corneal Stroma and Endothelium: An Update on Corneal Hydration Control; J. Fischbarg, D.M. Maurice. Refractive Surgery I: Corneal Tattooing to Treat Glare Symptoms Following Radial Keratotomy; G.J. Florakis et al. Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, and Genetics: Wound Healing Modulators in Tear Fluid T. Tervo, M. Vesaluoma. Contact Lenses: The Effect of Contact Lenses on the Conjunctiva P.C. Donshik. Microbial Keratitis-Viral: The Biology and Pathology of Varicella Zoster Virus in the Ganglion; T.J. Liesegang. Keratoconus: The Case for Eye Rubbing as the Major Cause of Keratoconus; J.H. Krachmer. Non-Microbial Keratitis and Immunology: Abstracts of Conference Presentations. World Corneal Health: Childhood Keratitis: Epidemiological and Microbiological Study; A. Panda et al. Microbial Keratitis-Non-Viral: Refractive Surgery II: 38 additional articles. Index.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - The splendid achievements of Japanese mathematics and natural sciences during the second half of our 20th century have been a revival, a Renaissance, of the practical sciences developed along with the turn toward Western thinking in the late 19th century. The equally admirable results of Japanese philosophers (and historians) of science in our time followed upon a period less congenial to Western interests in the philosophical questions linked to modern science; and this reluctance to confront the epistemology, not even the humane significance, of the sciences went along with devotion to other Western trends. Thus, with the 'new' Japan of the Meiji restoration of 1868, and the early introduction of Western philosophy in the subsequent decade by Nishi Amane, a period of intellectual attraction to utilitarian, positivist, evolutionary, even materialist outlooks was soon replaced by devotion to scholarly work on Kant and Hegel, on ethical and general philosophical idealism. These studies often could emulate the critical spirit (the philosopher Onishe Hajime, praised for his own critical independence, was known as the Japanese Kant) but the neo Kantian and neo-Hegelian developments were not much affected by either empirical sciences or theoretical speculations about Nature. The pre-eminent philosopher of Japan ofthe first half of our century was Nishida Kitaro, with a pioneering treatise A Study of the Good, who, with his leading student Tanabe Hajime, formed the 'Kyoto School' of pre-war philosophy.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Multiple Sclerosis: Advances in Clinical Trial Design, Treatment and Future Perspectives is a review of therapeutic developments for a disease that is one of the major problems in current neurologic practice. Progress in this field has been rapid and there have been important developments in clinical trial design and a number of important trial results that have resulted in new treatment options for patients and physicians. Important ethical considerations that arise with new treatments are included, as is a perspective on the emergence of MS as a treatable disease. This book is for all neurologists, primary care physicians, and patients concerned about the treatment of MS. It will also be of value to clinical epidemiologists and biostatisticians with an interest in experimental therapies for chronic disease, to immunologists with an interest in autoimmune disease, to the pharmaceutical industry and to MS societies.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - This book addresses two main themes. The first is, the discipline of informatics. Two major questions will be discussed: how can we obtain and keep track of a systematic and objective overview of the vast landscape in higher informatics education, both nationally and internationally and would it be useful to rationalize and redesign the informatics curricula, leading to less fragmentation and more communality The second theme is the relation between informatics and other disciplines, with the following main questions: what informatics do we need to offer a coherent curriculum which suits the needs of the actual information society with respect to specific disciplines what is relevant in informatics and CIT to provide to others and what informatics concepts, methods and techniques form the hard core needed in every other discipline.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - On January 20th, 22nd, and 29th, 1970 Saul Kripke delivered three lectures at Princeton University. They produced something of a sensation. In the lectures he argued, amongst other things, that many names in ordinary language referred to objects directly rather than by means of associated descriptions; that causal chains from language user to language user were an important mechanism for preserving reference; that there were necessary a posteriori and contingent a priori truths; that identity relations between rigid designators were necessary; and argued, more tentatively, that materialist identity theories in the philosophy of mind were suspect. Interspersed with this was a consider able amount of material on natural kind terms and essentialism. As a result of these lectures and a related 1971 paper, 'Identity and Necessity' (Kripke [1971]), talk of rigid designators, Hesperus and Phosphorus, meter bars, gold and H 0, and suchlike quickly became commonplace in philosophical circles 2 and when the lectures were published under the title Naming and Necessity in the collection The Semantics of Natural Language (Davidson and Harman l [1972]), that volume became the biggest seller in the Reidel (later Kluwer) list. The cluster of theses surrounding the idea that a relation of direct reference 2 exists between names and their referents is now frequently referred to as 'The 3 New Theory of Reference'.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Why is ethics important to organizations What are the characteristics of an ethical organization How can we audit the ethics of an organization What measures and activities stimulate the ethical development of organizations This book addresses these questions. It is easier to say that ethics is necessary than to tell how to organize ethics. This book provides a fundamental and coherent vision on how ethics can be organized in a focused way. This study examines the assumptions for organizing ethics, the pitfalls and phases of such a process, the parts of an ethics audit and the great variety of measures. The methods and insights illustrated in this book are based partially on practical research. One of these methods, the Ethics Thermometer, was based on more than 150 interviews at various organizations. The Ethics Thermometer has been applied in a great variety of profit and not-for-profit organizations in order to measure an organization's perceived context, conduct and consequences. This book will be important to scholars in the field of business ethics, as well as to managers and practitioners. For scholars, this study provides general knowledge about auditing and developing the ethics of an organization. A summary is given of the criteria by which the ethical content of an organization can be measured. For managers and practitioners, this study provides concrete suggestions for safeguarding and improving ethics within their organizations.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - In many of nowadays web-based environments for electronic marketing and commerce, that present large multimedia product and service catalogues, it becomes more and more difficult to provide naive end users, such as private consumers or commercial business partners, with intuitive user interfaces to access the large multimedia collections describing the presented products and services. The same holds for marketing managers and other employees responsible for managing and maintaining the large and constantly changing set of multimedia information chunks and fragments contained in these collections. As a consequence, many efforts are devoted to improve the quality of the interaction between users and databases. Virtual Reality (VR) techniques are a promising interaction paradigm particularly suited to novice and/or occasional users. The users are facilitated in the database navigation since the system proposes them an environment that reproduces a real situation and gives the possibilityof interacting by manipulating objects that have a direct correspondence with known objects.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - During the last two decades we have seen a tremendous development within the computer and communication industry. The ever increasing density on silicon, the increasing transmission speeds on fiber based systems as well as twisted pairs, the revolutionary development in the wireless area and of course the Internet have all led to many opportunities for new service developments. It is interesting to note that the last time this conference was held three years ago, the Web really did not fully exist. We are now ready to face new interesting challenges. It is an utmost importance for the performance community to focus on the modeling and analysis of the Internet, the multimedia applications and the untethered applications that are coming to the forefront. There will be a need for new and better simulation methods, new analytical tools and a much better understanding of measurement techniques. 'Performance of Information and Communication Systems', PICS'98, which takes place in Lund, Sweden, May 25-28, 1998, is the seventh conference in a series on performance of communication systems organized by IFIP TC 6, WG 6.3. In response to our call for papers, we have received nearly fifty submissions.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Fuzzy Sets in Decision Analysis, Operations Research and Statistics includes chapters on fuzzy preference modeling, multiple criteria analysis, ranking and sorting methods, group decision-making and fuzzy game theory. It also presents optimization techniques such as fuzzy linear and non-linear programming, applications to graph problems and fuzzy combinatorial methods such as fuzzy dynamic programming. In addition, the book also accounts for advances in fuzzy data analysis, fuzzy statistics, and applications to reliability analysis. These topics are covered within four parts: Decision Making, Mathematical Programming, Statistics and Data Analysis, and Reliability, Maintenance and Replacement. The scope and content of the book has resulted from multiple interactions between the editor of the volume, the series editors, the series advisory board, and experts in each chapter area. Each chapter was written by a well-known researcher on the topic and reviewed by other experts in the area. These expert reviewers sometimes became co-authors because of the extent of their contribution to the chapter. As a result, twenty-five authors from twelve countries and four continents were involved in the creation of the 13 chapters, which enhances the international character of the project and gives an idea of how carefully the Handbook has been developed.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - In Fascination of Fluid Dynamics contains a collection of papers by international experts in hydrodynamics, based on oral presentations at a symposium held in honour of Professor Leen van Wijngaarden on his 65th birthday. The book begins with a personal sketch of his life and scientific career. It continues with a mixture of papers that address recent developments in various branches of fluid mechanics. Many of the papers cover different aspects of multiphase flows: bubble dynamics, cavitation, bubbles and particles in turbulent flows, suspension flows, and wave phenomena in fluidised beds. Other topics that are addressed include: dynamics of jets, shock waves, MHD turbulence, selforganisation phenomena in 2D turbulence, vortex rings and the thermodynamics of tropical cyclones. This edited volume will be valuable reading for researchers, engineers and students interested in hydrodynamics, and in particular in multiphase flows.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The book presents an in-depth study of arbitrary one-dimensional continuous strong Markov processes using methods of stochastic calculus. Departing from the classical approaches, a unified investigation of regular as well as arbitrary non-regular diffusions is provided. A general construction method for such processes, based on a generalization of the concept of a perfect additive functional, is developed. The intrinsic decomposition of a continuous strong Markov semimartingale is discovered. The book also investigates relations to stochastic differential equations and fundamental examples of irregular diffusions. 152 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -A self-contained introduction is given to J. Rickard's Morita theory for derived module categories and its recent applications in representation theory of finite groups. In particular, Broué's conjecture is discussed, giving a structural explanation for relations between the p-modular character table of a finite group and that of its 'p-local structure'. The book is addressed to researchers or graduate students and can serve as material for a seminar. It surveys the current state of the field, and it also provides a 'user's guide' to derived equivalences and tilting complexes. Results and proofs are presented in the generality needed for group theoretic applications. 260 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Aiming to 'modernise' the course through the integration of Mathematica, this publication introduces students to its multivariable uses, instructs them on its use as a tool in simplifying calculations, and presents introductions to geometry, mathematical physics, and kinematics. The authors make it clear that Mathematica is not algorithms, but at the same time, they clearly see the ways in which Mathematica can make things cleaner, clearer and simpler. The sets of problems give students an opportunity to practice their newly learned skills, covering simple calculations, simple plots, a review of one-variable calculus using Mathematica for symbolic differentiation, integration and numerical integration, and also cover the practice of incorporating text and headings into a Mathematica notebook. The accompanying diskette contains both Mathematica 2.2 and 3.0 version not Elektronisches Buch, as well as sample examination problems for students, which can be used with any standard multivariable calculus textbook. It is assumed that students will also have access to an introductory primer for Mathematica. 300 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -For most economic aspects of human behaviour, static deci sion models provide an insufficient description. More specifically, they ignore the fact that preferences may change over time and that at each point of time current preferences depend on aspects which are associated with the past or the future. The neglect of these phenomena may lead to results which have little in com mon with real life. Dynamic decision models were developed in order to cope with these complications. Spurred by the availability of new mathematical tools such as optimal control theory and dynamic programming, dynamic utility models mushroomed over the last two decades. Various frameworks were developed featuring dif ferent restrictions on the way agents form preferences in an in tertemporal environment. Unfortunately, no systematic reappraisal of this literature ex ists. The survey provided in part I of this thesis attempts to fill in this gap. It introduces a comprehensive classification sys tem which allows for a coherent organization of all studies of intertemporal choice under certainty and complete information. 2 1. Introduction The latter implies that the individual knows in advance all fu ture preferences and choice possibilities. In this survey we show that all dynamic utility models can be viewed as special cases of the class of universal utility mod els. It is therefore desirable to investigate intertemporal decision making in terms of this least restrictive framework. Accordingly, all findings of part II of this thesis are derived for the class of universal utility models. 244 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Considerable work has been done on chaotic dynamics in the field of economic growthand dynamic macroeconomic models during the last two decades. This book considers numerous new developments: introduction of infrastructure in growth models, heterogeneity of agents, hysteresis systems, overlapping models with 'pay-as-you-go' systems, keynesian approaches with finance considerations, interactions between relaxation cycles and chaotic dynamics, methodological issues, long memory processes and fractals. A volume of contributions which shows the relevance and fruitfulness of non-linear analysis for the explanation of complex dynamics in economic systems. 216 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book is the culmination of roughly seven years of joint research be tween us. We have both been interested in income inequality measurement for a considerably longer period of time. One author (Ryu) has a back ground in physics. While he was working on his Ph. D. in Physics at M. I. T. he became acquainted with Robert Solow. Professor Solow introduced Ryu to economics. After finishing his Ph. D. in physics, Ryu went on to the Uni versity of Chicago where Arnold Zellner guided him to a dissertation on using orthonormal basis and maximum entropy as estimation methods in econometric applications. The precise definition and examples of orthonormal basis (ONB) and maximum entropy (ME) methods will be given in the book. As it turns out, a natural application of these methods is the study of income distribution. Professor Zellner suggested that Ryu look at some of my joint work with Robert Basmann on functional forms of Lorenz curves as one starting place to do his own research. Ryu requested some of our data and asked for several of our papers with the express pur pose of introducing functional forms of Lorenz curves that Ryu felt would do a better job of approximating the empirical Lorenz curve. Thus, our first introduction was essentially one of Ryu trying to invent a better mousetrap. The interested reader can review the results given in Basmann et al. (1990) and Chapter Four of this book to see if Ryu succeeded. 208 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, CAiSE'98, held in Pisa, Italy, in June 1998.The book presents 21 revised full papers together with one invited survey; the papers were selected from a total of 102 submissions. The book is divided into sections on information systems design, data warehouses and extensible database management systems, workflow management and groupware, reuse, application design and WWW, and industrial experiences. 440 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -For all that new non-X-ray technologies such as MR and ultrasound and its various manifestations have made an enormous impact in recent years on the practice of medical imaging, the use of X-rays and X-ray contrast-enhancing agents has retained an important position at the heart of the process. Indeed, with its frequent requirements for high total dose regimes, CT has increased the use of contrast agents. Even helical/spiral CT which, it was initially argued, should reduce contrast as well as radiation loads, may actually require just as much or more of both because of the potential it offers for multi-phase scanning. Iodinated intravascular X-ray contrast agents, especially the more recently developed non-ionic agents, continue therefore to play a pivotal role in clinical imaging. These succinct and authoritative articles, originally appearing in the journal Advances in X-ray Contrast, range sufficiently widely for their compilation in this volume to be considered a mini-textbook on the water-soluble iodinated X-ray contrast agents and their applications. Each is written by an acknowledged and experienced expert in the field. They usefully cover the developmental history of the agents; defined risk factors, approaches to prophylaxis and, ultimately, of the treatment of adverse reactions; the interesting subject of supposed delayed reactions to contrast agents; the important organ-specific toxicities, cardiac toxicity, neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity and high-dose toxicity as encountered in complex procedures; the sometimes special circumstances and occasional extreme conditions to which contrast agents may be exposed in Interventional Radiology; the special, in several ways, case of paediatric radiology; the controversial subject of thromboembolic phenomena in clinical angiography; and the precise role of contrast agents. As regards the practicalities of contrast administration regimes and imaging protocols it is really only in the area of CT that there is debate and controversy, and articles are included which cover CT of the liver, spleen and pancreas, and protocols for the new spiral/helical technology and even for the much less widely available electron-beam CT technology visualization. Pulmonary embolus diagnosis and protocols for contrast administration with this technology are also discussed. 124 pp. Englisch.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book covers Lebesgue integration and its generalizations from Daniell's point of view, modified by the use of seminorms. Integrating functions rather than measuring sets is posited as the main purpose of measure theory. From this point of view Lebesgue's integral can be had as a rather straightforward, even simplistic, extension of Riemann's integral; and its aims, definitions, and procedures can be motivated at an elementary level. The notion of measurability, for example, is suggested by Littlewood's observations rather than being conveyed authoritatively through definitions of (sigma)-algebras and good-cut-conditions, the latter of which are hard to justify and thus appear mysterious, even nettlesome, to the beginner. The approach taken provides the additional benefit of cutting the labor in half. The use of seminorms, ubiquitous in modern analysis, speeds things up even further. The book is intended for the reader who has some experience with proofs, a beginning graduate student for example. It might even be useful to the advanced mathematician who is confronted with situations - such as stochastic integration - where the set-measuring approach to integration does not work. 212 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware 276 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book constitutes the strictly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Computer Science Logic, CSL '97, held as the 1997 Annual Conference of the European Association on Computer Science Logic, EACSL, in Aarhus, Denmark, in August 1997.The volume presents 26 revised full papers selected after two rounds of refereeing from initially 92 submissions; also included are four invited papers. The book addresses all current aspects of computer science logics and its applications and thus presents the state of the art in the area. 528 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -In Electronic Business Communications, Mike Chesher and Ricky Kaura tell you all that you need to know about electronic commerce over the Internet. All the major topics are covered: - How electronic business communications can give you the edge over your competitors; - How you can develop effective business strategies for electronic commerce; - All you need to know about EDI/E-commerce Security concerns What security concerns the Internet is open for business! - What are the E-commerce standards and why do they matter - Making the most of trading via the Internet and value added networks; - Breakthroughs in Web-based EDI and Internet applications Information highway initiatives; - Lots of case studies are included. Anyone working in or coming into contact with the exciting world of business electronic communications will find something to interest them here. 292 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Held in 1993 in Niterói, Brazil, the first International Conference on Environmental Geochemistry in Tropical Countries established a starting point for this book. The book opens with a discussion of the points that arose during the closing session, summarised by Dr. E.K. Duursma: The Environment in the Tropics Remains Unknown. Most of the processes that occur in temperate environments turn out to be completely different in the tropics. This can already be seen in Chapter 3, where estimates of radionuclide transfer factors reach values considerably greater than in temperate areas. The utilisation of variables measured in temperate environments for modelling of the tropics can result in completely erroneous conclusions and, worse, inefficient remediation solutions. 328 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 1998 International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques, EUROCRYPT '98, held in Espoo, Finland, in May/June 1998.The book presents 44 revised full papers selected from a total of 161 submissions. The papers are organized in sections on distributed cryptography, complexity, cryptanalysis of block ciphers, computational algorithms, paradigms for symmetric systems, public key cryptosystems, multi-party computation, digital signatures, Boolean functions, combinatorial design and analysis, elliptic curve systems, and electronic commerce and payment. 624 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book presents the history and state of the art of universal routing strategies, which can be applied to networks independently of their respective topologies. It opens with a self-contained introduction, accessible also to newcomers. The main original results are new universal network protocols for store-and-forward and wormhole routing with small buffers or without buffers; these results are presented in detail and their potential applications are discussed. The book ends with a summary of open problems and an outlook of future directions in the area of routing theory. 260 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book grew out of a Dagstuhl seminar organized by the volume editors in June 1997. After the seminar, submissions for this book were solicited both from and beyond the group of participants. A peer review process followed, from which only original papers of the highest quality on the state of the art in the field were accepted for presentation in the book. The volume is divided into parts on temporal database infrastructure, temporal query languages, and advanced applications. A comprehensive bibliography, glossaries for both temporal database and time granularity concepts, and summaries of current work are also provided. The book is the ultimate reference for anyone actively involved in temporal database research and design or who is interested in their applications. 448 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -And The Mirror Cracked explores the politics and pleasures of contemporary feminist cinema. Tracing the highly productive ways in which feminist directors create alternative film forms, Anneke Smelik highlights cinematic issues which are central to feminist films: authorship, point of view, metaphor, montage and the excessive image. In a continuous mirror game between theory and cinema, this study explains how these cinematic techniques are used to represent female subjectivity positively and affirmatively. Among the films considered are A Question of Silence , Bagdad Cafe , Sweetie and The Virgin Machine . 219 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The first attempts to develop a utility theory for choice situations under risk were undertaken by Cramer (1728) and Bernoulli (1738). Considering the famous St. Petersburg Paradox! - a lottery with an infinite expected monetary value -Bernoulli (1738, p. 209) observed that most people would not spend a significant amount of money to engage in that gamble. To account for this observation, Bernoulli (1738, pp. 199-201) proposed that the expected monetary value has to be replaced by the expected utility ('moral expectation') as the relevant criterion for decision making under risk. However, Bernoulli's 2 argument and particularly his choice of a logarithmic utility function seem to be rather arbitrary since they are based entirely on intuitively 3 appealing examples. Not until two centuries later, did von Neumann and Morgenstern (1947) prove that if the preferences of the decision maker satisfy cer tain assumptions they can be represented by the expected value of a real-valued utility function defined on the set of consequences. Despite the identical mathematical form of expected utility, the theory of von Neumann and Morgenstern and Bernoulli's approach have, however, IFor comprehensive discussions of this paradox cf. Menger (1934), Samuelson (1960), (1977), Shapley (1977a), Aumann (1977), Jorland (1987), and Zabell (1987). 2Cramer (1728, p. 212), on the other hand, proposed that the utility of an amount of money is given by the square root of this amount. 228 pp. Englisch.