Springer us springer jan 2013 (224 risultati)
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Included in this volume is a broad range of topics. Immunology is such a diverse field that many of the subspecialties overlap, and one finds it convenient and necessary to integrate information from several of them. We try to focus on the molecular aspects of immunology as much as is reas…onable, but some con tributions consist of ablend of molecular and cellular immunology and even immunopathology. This is as it should be, since information at the molecular level often provides an explanation of phenomena observed at other levels. Myelin basic protein holds the interest of immunologists because it is impli cated in the induction of the autoimmune disease called experimental allergie encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although much biochemical and immunological information about this protein has been uncovered, it is not understood how such an inaccessible self-antigen can serve as the focal point in the central ner vous system for myelin basic protein-specific EAE-inducing T cells. Day dis cusses the problem by first reviewing the sequences of the proteins from several species and the antigenicity of the proteins and peptides derived from them. The reader is then led into a thorough discussion of the immunological relation ships that do and do not influence development of the encephalitis. From this discussion, the author promulgates the bystander model as the best overall mechanism to explain why different fragments of the highly conserved protein are needed by various species to give rise to the same type of localized central nervous system disease.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - In their classic paper in 1929, Drury and Szent-Gyorgyi described a number of the important cardiovascular actions of adenosine. Another thirty years were to pass before the possible physiological role of adenosine in coronary vasodilation was studied by Berne and others. Since then, there… has been a tremendous increase in research into the actions of adenosine. Workers from many disciplines have employed a wide variety of techniques, since adenosine is a product of and a substrate for a number of metabolic pathways, is transported into cells, and acts at discrete receptor sites to modulate the activity of adenylate cyclase and to produce important actions on many cells and tissues including platelets, adipo cytes, heart, blood vessels, and other smooth muscles. International symposia on the actions of adenosine were held in 1978, 1981, and 1982, and the proceedings of these symposia have been published (Baer and Drummond, 1979; Daly et at., 1983; Berne et at., 1983). Since it is not the primary purpose of the present volume to review our current understanding of the nu merous actions of adenosine, these volumes should be consulted for such details. Rather, the present volume has been planned to provide both graduate students and investigators in pharmacology and related disciplines with a summary of some of the methods now available for the study of the actions of adenosine and, in particular, to highlight their possible uses and limitations.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1. A Model for the North Atlantic.- 2. The Geology of the Bahama-Blake Plateau Region.- 3. The Continental Margin of Eastern North America, Florida to Newfoundland.- 4. The Northeastward Termination of the Appalachian Orogen.- 5. An Outline of the Geology of the Atlantic Coast of Greenland….- 6. The Scandinavian Caledonides.- 7. The Geology of the Southern Termination of the Caledonides.- 8. The Geology of the Western Approaches.- 9. The Geology and Sedimentation History of the Bay of Biscay.- 10. Geology of West Africa and Canary and Cape Verde Islands.- 11. Cenozoic to Recent Volcanism in and around the North Atlantic Basin.- 12. The Oceanic Islands: Azores.- 13. Tectonic and Radiometric Age Comparisons.- 14. The Geophysics of the North Atlantic Basin.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - It is now well known that the concept of drifting continents became an estab lished theory during the 1960s. Not long after this 'revolution in the earth sciences,' researchers began applying the continental drift model to problems in historical biogeography. One such problem was the origi…n and dispersal of the New World monkeys, the Platyrrhini. Our interests in this subject began in the late 1960s on different conti nents quite independent of one another in the cities of Florence, Italy, and Berkeley, California. In Florence in 1968, A. B. Chiarelli, through stimulating discussions with R. von Koenigswald and B. de Boer, became intrigued with the possibility that a repositioning of the continents of Africa and South America in the early Cenozoic might alter previous traditional conceptions of a North American origin of the Platyrrhini. During the early 1970s this con cept was expanded and pursued by him through discussions with students while serving as visiting professor at the University of Toronto. By this time, publication of the Journal of Human Evolution was well underway, and Dr. Chiarelli as editor encouraged a dialogue emphasizing continental drift models of primate origins which culminated in a series of articles published in that journal during 1974-75. In early 1970, while attending the University of California at Berkeley, R. L. Ciochon was introduced to the concept of continental drift and plate tectonics and their concomitant applications to vertebrate evolution through talks with paleontologist W. A. Clemens and anthropologist S. L. Washburn.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - In 1968 Drs. B. E. C. Nordin and A. Hodgkinson organized the First International Symposium on Urolithiasis Research in Leeds, England. One hundred and five participants from continental Europe, Great Britain, and the United States met to review their work and exchange ideas regarding the f…ormation of urinary calculi. This meeting achieved several important goals. It pulled together a nidus of workers in the many scientific disciplines that relate to urolithiasis. This nidus served as the seed for research growth in a complex, interdisciplinary field. It established a forum for con tinuing communication in urolithiasis research with subsequent sym posia being held every 4 years. The Williamsburg Symposium was the fourth in the Leeds-Madrid Davos series involving 186 participants from throughout the world. A stated emphasis was on clinical research under way in the field. There were no invited speakers and for the first time the 41 papers that were presented orally at the meeting were selected from 184 submitted abstracts. A total of 134 papers were presented in the poster sessions in the afternoons where informal exchange between interested participants and investigators could occur without the restrictions of a plenary session. Virtually all areas of urolithi asis research from the most fundamental physical chemistry to clinical patterns of disease and specific modes of treatment were presented, reviewed and discussed during the meeting.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The primary purpose of this book is to bring to the attention of members of the medical and scientific communities, as well as to other interested persons, a new and expanding area of investigation that features the use of chemical…s for the prevention of tumor induction and development. This novel use of chemical compounds has succeeded in producing a remarkable series of discoveries in recent years. Some of these are beginning to be evaluated in the field of clinical oncology in a manner that has potentially enormous public health implications. It is anticipated, therefore, that increasing amounts of time, energy, and financial resources will be devoted to the further development and expansion of this work. The major contribution of this book at the present time is that it summarizes and brings up to date the pioneering efforts of the various scientists who originated this new and exciting field of scientific activity. The thoughts expressed by Louis Pasteur in 1884 may soon be applicable in the fight against cancer: 'When meditating over a disease, I never think of finding a remedy for it, but instead a means of preventing it. ' The emphasis on cancer prevention currently underway is the result, in part, of an increased awareness that the environment-geographical, cultural, and occupational-has a role in development of the disease. 248 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Radiography, the use of penetrating radiation to produce shadow images of the internal structure of materials, has been with us since Roentgen made his discovery of x rays in 1895. However, applications of radiography in the earth…sciences and in the related field of soils engineering have, until recent ly, been slow to develop. Bruhl reported optimistically on applications in paleontology as early as 1896 and there have been additional reports through the years. However, very few paleontologists adopted the method and the significant literature is relatively restricted. In soil mechanics, Gerber observed the movement oflead pellets in sand during a plate-bearing test as early as 1929. Gradual ly, radiography was applied to other tests including those on footings, compaction of soils, strain in sand, effects of pile penetration, and displace ments under moving wheel loads. Recently, such work has broadened into much varied and sophisticated research. Applications in geology may be dated to Hamblin's work on rocks re ported in 1962. His demonstration that many fine textural and structural details can be observed in slices of rock led to experimentation by others on unconsolidated sediments and soils. Work is now expanding at an un precedented rate. In some operations, such as the logging of oceanographic cores, it is already a routine process. The advantages of radiography lie in its nondestructive nature and its ability to reveal features that sometimes cannot be seen in any other way. 172 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Aging is one of the most serious and costly health problems in the Western world. A disproportionate amount of the available health care capability is devoted to the health care of the aged and the cost of this care is soaring. Vie…wed in wide perspective, aging presents two problems for the researcher's consideration. First is that of providing the most efficacious therapeutic regi mens and the best possible care for those already in their latter years. The second is to determine the cause or causes for senes cence and all its attendant problems in order to decrease the im pact of senescence on general health and well being. This volume is aimed at examining possible relationships be tween biological time structure and aging and ways by which these interrelationships might be examined in terms of both the causes of senescence and the management of health problems of the elderly. The purpose of the volume is to stir the interests of chronobiolo gists in gerontology and those of gerontologists and geriatricians in chronobiology. 356 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This survey of 13 electrooptic materials includes both a review and compilation of all materials properties relevant to their use in linear (Pockels) electrooptic modulator applications. Information on actual electrooptic modulator… design as well as applications for these materials, and data on materials exhibiting a quadratic (Kerr) electrooptic effect, are not included. With these restrictions in mind, every attempt was made to be as comprehensive as possible by utilizing all available sources of literature: books, periodicals, reports, and vendor literature. The files of the Electronic Properties Information Center and full resources of the Hughes Aircraft Company Library were searched for pertinent data, and approximately 1000 articles were reviewed for this pUblication. A brief Introduction to the survey is followed by a description of the Prin ciples of Electrooptic Modulation, emphasizing the importance of crystal symmetry on the electrooptic properties of materials, and including the relationships between the electrooptic, piezooptic, elastooptic and piezoelectric effects in crystals. The survey consists of 13 independent sections, each section covering the properties of one material: crystallographic, optical, electrooptic, photoelastic, piezoelectric, dielectric and thermal. References appearing in the text are listed at the conclusion of each section. Tables and Figures are numbered separately for each section. v TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . - . . . . . 1 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROOPTIC MODULATION. 5 AMMONIUM DIHYDROGEN ARSENATE (ADA) . 15 AMMONIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE (ADP). 268 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The distinction between molecular immunology and immunobiology is neces sarily arbitrary. The most rapid progress is usually made in the blurred area between the two, when the chemist is aware of the full significance of the biolog…ical problems, and the biologist is alert to the contribution that a knowl edge of molecular structure can be made to their solution. The range of scientific disciplines able to contribute to research in immunology, which this approach brings, is reflected in the present volume. Protein chemists worked out the arrangement of the polypeptide chains and the amino acid sequences of antibodies and X-ray crystallographers the three dimensional structure, but more precise definition of the amino acid side chain positions in the combining site is required for an understanding of the subtleties of antibody specificity. That this can be achieved with physical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance has been shown by R. A. Dwek, and in his chapter he summarizes these results with a minimum of technical detail. The immune response has been shown to be dependent on complex cellular interactions and further progress will be facilitated by investigation of the molecular basis of these interactions. This necessitates study of the structure and organization of the molecules in the surfaces of lymphocytes and other cells. 272 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This has been a year of substantial change for The Year in Endocrinology. The first change, though perhaps only a semantic one, nevertheless represents a landmark. Although last year's volume was designated as the first of an annua…l series, that seemed to me at the time merely a hope-a realistic hope, perhaps, but a hope, nevertheless. With the publication of this year's volume, however, this can accurately be said to be an annual series, one that we trust will fulfill a need and will therefore continue for years to come. Among other changes from last year's volume are some that were originally intended and others that were unintended. In the former category is the substitution of a chapter on water metabolism and vaso pressin, excellently prepared by Dr. Gary L. Robertson, for the chapter on paraendocrine syndromes that appeared last year. Chapters on these two topics will continue to appear on alternate years. Obviously, the non recurring chapter on a topic of special interest has also changed, and this year's comprises a comprehensive review of autoimmune endocrine dis ease by Drs. Jay Silverberg and Robert Volpe. The unexpected change results from the inability of Dr. Louis Avioli to continue as a member of the Editorial Board. Most fortunately, however, we have persuaded Dr. Charles R. Kleeman to join the Board and to be responsible for the chapter on the parathyroid gland and mineral metabolism. Dr. Kleeman has been assisted on the preparation of this chapter by his daughter, Dr. 420 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The subject of this book is neuroendocrinology, that branch of biological science devoted to the interactions between the two major integrative organ systems of animals-the endocrine and nervous systems. Although this science today… reflects a fusion of endocrinology and neurobiology, this synthetic ap proach is relatively recent. At the beginning of the 20th century, when the British physiologists, Bayliss and Starling, first proposed endocrinology to be an independent field of inquiry, they went to great lengths to establish the autonomy of chemical secretions in general and their independence from nervous control in particular (Bayliss, W. M. , and Starling, E. H. , 1902, The mechanism of pancreatic secretion,]. Physiol. 28:325). They argued with Pav lov, who said that there was a strong influence of the nervous system on the gastrointestinal phenomena the endocrinologists were studying. For several decades, the English physiologists prevailed, at least in the West; and Pavlov's critique was not taken to heart by the practitioners of the newly emerging discipline of endocrinology. Through the work of Harris, the Scharrers, Sawyer, Everett, and others, there has been something of a scientific detente in the latter half of this century; the hybrid field of neuroendocrinology is now regarded as one of the corner stones of modern neural science and is of fundamental importance in basic and clinical endocrinology. 588 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The third annual International Industrialization Symposium on the SuperCollider, IISSC-held March 13-15, 1991, in Atlanta, Ga.-was an enormous success. The number of attendees, exhibitors, and representatives from foreign countries… surpassed the totals of previous years. There were 740 attendees, representing more than 2 dozen universities and colleges, 32 states, 9 national labs, 6 research centers, several government entities at the local, state, and federal level, 182 businesses & industry and 14 countries. More than 100 exhibits, sponsored by 85 organizations, added to the excitement. 'Getting Down to Business' was the theme of this year's Symposium. The fact that the Superconducting SuperCollider (SSC) is indeed underway was the message delivered by the Symposium's keynote speaker, Dr. Roy Schwitters, and expanded upon by the opening plenary speakers. The project is moving from the planning stage to actual construction, to development and procurement of equipment, and to resolution of the technical issues involved in advancing the state-of-the-art in areas such as theory, controls, systems, metallurgy, quality control, management, cryogenics, power systems, detectors, interagency cooperation and funding. Plenary speakers included: Paul Gilbert, Chairman of Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. 1256 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The short period since the publication of Volume 1 of Methods in Membrane Biology has been a time of momentous progress. Calorimetry, electron spin and nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, and freeze-cleavage electron mic…roscopy, reinforced by biochemical analyses and enzymatic studies, have led to universal acceptance of a generalized membrane model. All membrane biologists would agree that a major element of all biological membranes is a bilayer of phospholipids which, in some instances, also contains other lipids, notably sterols and glycolipids. The fatty acid com position of the lipids of most membranes is such that the lipids are above their transition temperatures in their normal environment so that the bilayer is fluid. The microviscosity of the fatty acyl groups decreases pro gressively down the chain so that, at the hydrocarbon interior of the bilayer, the lipid phase has a viscosity approximating that of olive oil at room temperature. As a consequence of this membrane fluidity, a phospholipid molecule is very mobile within the plane of the membrane (moving a distance of about 1-2 fLm in 1 s) but the movement of a phospholipid molecule from one side of the membrane bilayer to the other (flip-flop) is very slow. The lipid bilayer is an essentially inert and rather impermeable struc ture, as shown by many studies with model systems. Proteins, of course, provide the catalytic components of the membranes. as well as playing a significant structural role. 324 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Those who are familiar with the two volumes of The Year in Endocrinology may, at first glance, fail to recognize their relationship to the present volume, Contemporary Endocrinology. The name is different and the cover design diffe…rent, but nonetheless the admonition against judging a book by its cover is very well taken in this instance. In fact, Contemporary Endocrinology is not only the direct linear descendant of The Year in Endocrinology, it is a purposeful clone thereof-the topics are unchanged, the talented group of authors is unchanged, and most importantly, both the objective of the work and the manner in which that objective is approached are unchanged. The objective is, of course, to assist the reader in maintaining currency with respect to important developments, both basic and clinical, in the major areas of endocrinology. We are all much too familiar, unfortunately, with the difficulty of maintaining currency these days. Our approach to dealing with the informational inflation that we are suffering is similar to that used by economists in dealing with monetary inflation, that is, to increase interest. This we have attempted to do by providing for the reader an easy-to-read group of essays in which advances in individual areas of endocrinology are re viewed broadly, synthesized, and placed into perspective by a group of authors who are authorities in their individual fields. They serve, not as guest artists, but as members of a stable Editorial Board that provides continuity by contributing to successive volumes. 420 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This volume is concerned with metabolic reactions occurring in the nervous system. Some time ago, it was thought that since most of the intermediary metabolism that can be observed in the brain is not specific to this organ, there…is little justification in studying neural metabolism as such. Later it was realized that for an understanding of neural functions, the understanding of metabolism in the brain and its alterations is essential. All aspects of the metabolism of a substrate in brain, or all metabolic reactions of the nervous system, could not be included in this volume; some will be dealt with in other volumes (such as the ones covering metabolic turn over, alterations of metabolism, or pathology). Review of the aspects covered here clearly shows that the study of metabolic reactions in the nervous system is a very active field, producing important results. As in so many areas of research, as we learn more, new aspects become known, new questions emerge, and we see that in solving some problems we open areas with many additional problems to solve. But the accomplishments to date are impressive and indicate further important advances in the future. Brain metabolism is more active, more plastic, and more comprehensive than previously estimated. It is an essential part of brain function, and with its alteration, brain function will be altered. This shows the importance of more knowledge in this area. It is hoped that this volume will be of assistance in such further studies. 728 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This comprehensive treatise on the reticuloendothelial system is a project jointly shared by individual members of the Reticuloendothelial (RE) Society and bio medical scientists in general who are interested in the intricate syste…m of cells and molecular moieties derived from these cells which constitute the RES. It may now be more fashionable in some quarters to consider these cells as part of what is called the mononuclear phagocytic system or the lymphoreticular system. Nevertheless, because of historical developments and current interest in the subject by investigators from many diverse areas, it seems advantageous to present in one comprehensive treatise current information and knowledge con cerning basic aspects of the RES, such as morphology, biochemistry, phylogeny and ontogeny, physiology, and pharmacology as well as clinical areas including immunopathology, cancer, infectious diseases, allergy, and hypersensitivity. It is anticipated that by presenting information concerning these apparently heterogeneous topics under the unifying umbrella of the RES attention will be focused on the similarities as well as interactions among the cell types constitut ing the RES from the viewpoint of various disciplines. The treatise editors and their editorial board, consisting predominantly of the editors of individual vol umes, are extremely grateful for the enthusiastic cooperation and enormous task undertaken by members of the biomedical community in general and especially by members of the American as well as European and Japanese Reticuloendothe lial Societies. 788 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Rapid advances in knowledge have led to an increasing interest in neuro biology over the last several years. These advances have been made possible, at least in part, by the use of increasingly sophisticated methodology. Furthermor…e, research in the most rapidly advancing areas is essentially multidisciplinary and is characterized by contributions from many investi gators employing a variety of techniques. While a grasp of fundamental neurobiological concepts is an obvious prerequisite for those who wish to follow or participate in this field, critical awareness and evaluation of neurobiological research also requires an understanding of sophisticated methodologies. The objective of Methods in Neurobiology is the development of such critical abilities. The reader is exposed to the basic concepts, principles, and instrumentation of key methodologies, and the application of each meth odology is placed in the special context of neurobiological research. The reader will gain familiarity with the terminology and procedures of each method and the ability to evaluate results in light of the particular features of neurobiological preparations and applications. 616 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The conference entitled 'The Translational Apparatus' was held in Berlin from October 31 to November 5, 1992, in honorem et memoriam of H. G. Wittmann. The presentations of the rewarding, enjoyable and scientifically exciting week…in Berlin were a fitting appreciation of this great man, and all participants and speakers contributed to the success of the meeting. The second reason for holding the Berlin meeting was to convene a group of scientists for a state-of-the-art presentation on ribosomes and related subjects; the outcome is this book. We have broadened the spectrum of topics to cover activities preceding and following pure ribosomal functions, such as 'Synthetases' and 'Protein Sorting', respectively, and we took the liberty of ordering the contributions in a way which does not always reflect the order of speakers. We are grateful to the authors who patiently tolerated our organization and our regulations for manuscripts. K.H. Nierhaus F. Franceschi A.R. Subramanian v CONTENTS I. tRNA and Aminoaeyl-tRNA Synthetases 1. The Crystal Structure of SeryI-tRNA Synthetase and its Complexes with A TP and tRNASer. 1 S. Cusack, C. Berthet-Colominas, V. Biou, F. Borel, M. Fujinaga, M. Hartlein, I. 764 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This volume, the second in the Methods in Pharmacology series, contains some of the physical methods which either have been or could be applied to pharmaco logical problems. A major emphasis has been placed on spectroscopic techniq…ues, particularly those, such as optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, stopped flow and relaxation spectrometry, Mossbauer spectroscopy, light scatter and x-ray crystallography, that can be used to study drug interactions with biological systems at a molecular level. Although phosphorescence spectro scopy and oscillographic polarography can also be used to study drug interactions, their main usefulness is in the detection and estimation of drugs and their meta bolities in body tissues and fluids. Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for study ing the metabolism of drugs as well as for detecting abnormal endogenous metabolites in the body. Finally, heatburst microcalorimetry is a non spectroscopic technique that can be used to study how drugs and other ligands interact with biological macromolecules. Each chapter contains a brief introduction to the theoretical basis for each technique as well as a description of the instrumentation involved. This is followed by a section describing the application of the technique to pharmacological prob lems. Where these are not available, examples have been drawn from the other life sciences. In a final section, some further applications of each technique to problems in pharmacology are suggested. 512 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This is the first book that is devoted entirely to a discussion of the effects on drinking behavior of sensory stimulation of the tongue and mouth. As Blass and Hall (J 976) have recently pointed out, there has been an overrejectio…n of the emphasis by Cannon (1932) and Hull (1943) on the peripheral origins (e. g. , dry mouth, empty stomach) of the control of ingestive behavior. Thus most present-day investigators of drinking behavior have been concentrat ing on central mechanisms of control, to the neglect of the periphery. In this volume we have attempted to bring together much of the pertinent 'peripheral' literature through originally written chapters that are concerned with the role of orosensory factors in the mediation of drinking and licking. Postingestive effects of fluids receive little attention. Indeed, two chapters deal with consummatory licking in the absence of intake of fluids. A good understanding of the consequences of orosensory stimulation on licking and drinking behavior requires insight into the functional anatomy of the tongue and mouth, the characteristics of the licking response and the problem of recording of licking behavior. Several chapters deal with these subjects. It has not only been a pleasure but also a privilege to edit this volume. We have learned much from the expert treatment of the different aspects of licking and drinking behavior by the chapters' authors. 440 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is based on the Auger total secondary electron energy distribution, and an ion gun to process, which involves the core-level ionization of an atom with provide depth profiling capability. subsequen…t deexcitation occurring by an outer-level electron de The high surface sensitivity of Auger spectroscopy which dictates caying to fill the core hole. The excess energy is transferred to the need for an ultrahigh-vacuum system is due to the limited and causes the ejection of another electron, which is by definition mean free path of electrons in the 0-3000 e V kinetic energy an Auger electron. The Auger electron transition, denoted by range. The Auger peaks decay exponentially with overlayer cov the electron levels involved, is independent of the excitation erage, which is consistent with an exponential dependence of source and leaves the atom with a constant kinetic energy. The escape probability on the depth of the parent atom. A compila kinetic energy is given by the differences in binding energies for tion of data from a variety of sources has been used to generate the three levels (for example, EK-E L, - EL ) minus a correction 2 an escape depth curve which falls in the range of 5-30 A in the term for the work function and electron wave function relaxation. energy range from 0 to 3000 eV. The observed escape depth does When the Auger transition occurs within a few angstroms of the not show a strong dependence on the matrix. 148 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -These proceedings report the lectures and seminars presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on 'Optical Properties of Ions in Solids,' held at Erice, Italy, June 6-21, 1974. The Institute was the first activity of the Interna…tional School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy of the 'Ettore Majorana' Centre for Scientific Culture. The Institute consisted of a series of lectures on optical properties of ions in solids that, starting at a fundamental level, finally reached the current level of research. The sequence of lectures and the organization of the material taught were in keeping with a didactical presentation. In essence the Institute had the two-fold purpose of organizing what was known on the subject, and updating the knowledge in the field. Fif'teen series of lectures for a total of 44 hours were given. Five one-hour seminars and five twenty-minute seminars were presented. A total of 57 participants came from 40 laboratories in the following countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherlands; Polatid, Romania, Switzerland, the United Ki~gdom, and the United States. The secretaries of the Institute were: D. Pacheco for the scientific aspects and A. La Francesca for the administrative aspects of the meeting. These proceedings report the lectures, the one-hour seminars (abstracts only) and the twenty-minute- seminars (titles only). The proceedings report also the contributions sent by Prof. K. Rebane and Dr. L. A. Rebane who, unfortunately, were not able to come. 512 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Volume V deals with the problems of turnover in the nervous system. 'Turnover' is defined in different ways, and the term is used in different contexts. It is used rather broadly in the present volume, and intentionally so. The tur…nover of macromolecules is only one aspect; here 'turnover' in dicates the simultaneous and coordinated formation and breakdown of macromolecular species. The complexities of cerebral protein turnover are shown in a separate chapter dealing with the synthesis of proteins, in another on breakdown, and in still another on the relationship of these two (showing how the two halves of turnover are controlled). The fact that most likely the two halves of protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown, are separated spatially and the mechanisms involved are different further emphasizes the complexity of macromolecular turnover. 'Turnover' is used in a different context when the turnover of a cycle is discussed; but here again a number of complex metabolic reactions have to be interrelated and controlled; some such cycles are discussed briefly in this volume, additional cycles have been discussed with metabolism, and some cycles still await elucidation or discovery. 480 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The early era of neural network hardware design (starting at 1985) was mainly technology driven. Designers used almost exclusively analog signal processing concepts for the recall mode. Learning was deemed not to cause a problem be…cause the number of implementable synapses was still so low that the determination of weights and thresholds could be left to conventional computers. Instead, designers tried to directly map neural parallelity into hardware. The architectural concepts were accordingly simple and produced the so called interconnection problem which, in turn, made many engineers believe it could be solved by optical implementation in adequate fashion only. Furthermore, the inherent fault-tolerance and limited computation accuracy of neural networks were claimed to justify that little effort is to be spend on careful design, but most effort be put on technology issues. As a result, it was almost impossible to predict whether an electronic neural network would function in the way it was simulated to do. This limited the use of the first neuro-chips for further experimentation, not to mention that real-world applications called for much more synapses than could be implemented on a single chip at that time. Meanwhile matters have matured. It is recognized that isolated definition of the effort of analog multiplication, for instance, would be just as inappropriate on the part ofthe chip designer as determination of the weights by simulation, without allowing for the computing accuracy that can be achieved, on the part of the user. 360 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Neurochemistry, having the objective of elucidating biochemical processes subserving nervous activity, emerged as an application of chemistry to the of neurobiological problems as a post-World War II phenomenon. investigation Howev…er, only in the last 40 years has the chemical community recognized neurochemistry as a distinct, if hybrid, discipline. During this period great strides have been made. However, recently neurochemistry, along with neu rophysiology, neuropharmacology, neuroanatomy, and the behavioral sci ences, has emerged to form neuroscience, a new community of scientists with its own national society, journals, and meetings. Actually, this recently formed hybrid, neuroscience, is in the process of merging with another well-established discipline, molecular genetics (frequently called molecular biology, and itself a hybrid), which appears to have sufficient hybrid vigor to form yet a new community of scientists, which, for want of a more imaginative term, has been called molecular genetic neuroscience. Clearly, advantages resulting from such mergers or hybridizations accrue not only from the merging discipline (neurochemistry in this case) to the new community (molecular genetic neuroscience), but also in the reverse direction. This Foreword will be concerned primarily with examples of this latter process. 736 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Two central ideas in the movement toward advanced automation systems are the office-of-the-future (or office automation system), and the factory of-the-future (or factory automation system). An office automation system is an integr…ated system with diversified office equipment, communication devices, intelligent terminals, intelligent copiers, etc., for providing information management and control in a dis tributed office environment. A factory automation system is also an inte grated system with programmable machine tools, robots, and other pro cess equipment such as new 'peripherals,' for providing manufacturing information management and control. Such advanced automation systems can be regarded as the response to the demand for greater variety, greater flexibility, customized designs, rapid response, and 'Just-in-time' delivery of office services or manufac tured goods. The economy of scope, which allows the production of a vari ety of similar products in random order, gradually replaces the economy of scale derived from overall volume of operations. In other words, we are gradually switching from the production of large volumes of standard products to systems for the production of a wide variety of similar products in small batches. This is the phenomenon of 'demassification' of the marketplace, as described by Alvin Toffier in The Third Wave. 544 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The content of Volume 8 of the Handbook of Neurochemistry is a perfect example and sample of what occupies neurochemists in the late 1980s. What occupies them are questions, concepts, and technology that either did not start with t…he nervous system, or rapidly moved out of its exclusivity (see, for in stance, chapters on neurotensin, beta-lipotropin, behavioral and neurochemical effects of ACTH, cholecystokinin, etc.). Thus, the neurochemist is more and more seen as a biochemist occupied by questions, concepts, and technology that are not unique to the nervous system, even though the ultimate substrate of these questions, as well as the ultimate functions so studied and occasionally explained, are of the nervous system. Look at the case of the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic peptides, also called hypothalamic releasing factors, or hypothalamic releasing hormones. These are all small-to-medium-size polypeptides originally characterized in ex tracts of the hypothalamus on the basis of bioassays directed at studying their effects on one or another of the secretions of the adenohypophysis. We know now that TRFs (See Chapter 8), the thyrotropin and prolactin releasing factor, somatostatin, the hypothalamic inhibitor of the secretion of growth hormone, as well as LRF, the hypothalamic decapeptide stimulating the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, are to be found in parts of the brain other than the hypothalamus, where their function is obviously not hypophysiotropic. Such is also the case for CRF-the corticotropin and beta-endorphin releasing factor. 704 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -THE PHYSICAL BASIS FOR HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS is the proceedings of the ninth Battelle Colloquium in the Materials Sciences, held in Gstaad, Switzerland, September 2-6, 1974. It took as its theme the application of modern theoreti…cal and experimental surface physics to heterogeneous catalysis. Progress in the field by classical chemical methods seemed to have slowed down, at a time when the need for better catalysts was particularly great. The Organizing Committee thought it might be possible to accelerate progress by the application of the powerful techniques evolved in recent years for studying atomically clean surfaces. However, the translation of ideas derived from clean single crystal surfaces with well characterized chemisorbed layers to real catalysts with high ratios of surface to mass on which reactions were taking place and requiring transport of mass and energy is a giant step, raising many questions and requiring thorough discussion by surface physicists on the one hand and catalytic chemists on the other. The 1974 Battelle Colloquium provided a forum for this exchange. As its usual custom, the Colloquium started the first day of introduc tory lectures by three distinguished scientists who have contributed impor tantly over many years to this field. 628 pp. Englisch.
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Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -(Written for the original Russian edition) Out of all the functional groups of protein molecules that be long to the side chains of amino acid residues, the sulfhydryl or thiol (SH) groups of cysteine residues and the disulfide (S-…S) groups of cystine have for long attracted particular attention from chemists and biochemists. This is due, on the one hand, to the high chemical reactivity of these groups, which enter into many, and often very characteristic and selective, reactions with several types of compound. On the other hand, this attention is connected with the great significance of SH and S-S groups for the specific functions of a number of enzymes, hormones, and other biological ly active proteins, and consequently for the normal course of many physiological processes. The varied functions of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in en zymes are particularly interesting; their role can consist of bind ing substrates and cofactors, in direct participation in the catalytic act, or in maintaining (in ways not so far sufficiently studied) the native, catalytically active conformation of the protein. It is entirely natural that the detailed study of the chemical behavior and biological role of these sulfur-containing groups in proteins (and in such low-molecular cofactors as glutathione, co enzyme A, lipoiC acid, etc. ) has, in addition to its academic, gen eral biological interest, great Significance for many applied branches of medicine and biology (toxicology, radiobiology, diagnostics and therapeutics, biochemical engineering, plant growing, etc. ). 288 pp. Englisch.
