verlag g mainz (183 risultati)

Condizione: very good. Gut/Very good: Buch bzw. Schutzumschlag mit wenigen Gebrauchsspuren an Einband, Schutzumschlag oder Seiten. / Describes a book or dust jacket that does show some signs of wear on either the binding, dust jacket or pages.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. During the last 25 years, most of the communication systems have been converted to purely digital technology, although the transmitted content mostly is analog by nature. The principal advantages of digital communication are compression by source encoding, bit error protection by channel coding and robust transmission over noisy channels by appropriate modulation. Digital systems are usually designed for worst case channel conditions. However, often the channel quality is much better, which is not reflected in an improved end-to-end transmission quality due to inevitable quantization noise produced by the source encoder.In this thesis, the focus is set on systems which: are not purely digital anymore benefit from increasing channel qualities and avoid the saturation effect using discrete-time, continuous-amplitude techniques.In the first part, purely analog, i.e., discrete-time and continuous-amplitude transmission systems are considered with linear or nonlinear components. Theoretical performance limits are discussed and a new rate-distortion upper bound is derived which can be evaluated semi-analytically. The performance of linear transmission systems is derived analytically while simulations assess several nonlinear systems including the famous Archimedes spiral. A new class of nonlinear discrete-time analog coding systems, i.e., the Analog Modulo Block Codes (AMBCs) is developed. One important observation is that nonlinear discrete-time, continuous-amplitude systems can be decomposed into a discrete and a continuous-amplitudes part. The considered systems exhibit a considerable gap to capacity but they all circumvent the saturation effect due to the continuous-amplitude components.In the main part of the thesis, these findings are turned into a design principle. Hybrid Digital-Analog (HDA) transmission systems consist of separate digital and analog branches while each is constructed independently. By combining both worlds digital and continuous-amplitude transmission new concepts emerge which fuse their advantages: capacity achieving performance in the digital branch with a huge variety of conventional digital codes plus avoiding the saturation effect in the analog branch. The performance of HDA systems is assessed theoretically as well as by simulations. These Hybrid Digital-Analog (HDA) transmission systems outperform both purely digital and continuous-amplitude concepts. HDA transmission is an attractive solution for wireless systems such as microphones, loudspeakers or distributed sensors. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. Thermal energy storage (TES) helps to reduce energy consumption and peak demands by balancing heat supply and demand on all time scales from short-term to seasonal. Thus, TES is an important technology to improve flexibility and efficiency of energy systems. In particular, adsorption TES systems, which exploit the enthalpy of adsorption, provide high energy storage density and high efficiency.The present thesis therefore analyzes an adsorption TES unit for residential and industrial applications. Industrial energy supply can be made more efficient by integrating waste heat into the process heat supply and by using energy-efficient technologies. Adsorption TES contributes to both approaches: waste heat can be integrated via the heat pump effect and TES allows for energy-efficient cogeneration heat supply for batch processes.We evaluate the energy efficiency of the heat supply for an industrial batch process by adsorption TES and cogeneration. To evaluate the performance, a dynamic model of an adsorption TES unit is developed. Measurements from earlier experimental investigations of an adsorption TES unit are used to calibrate the storage model. As benchmark, a peak boiler and TES based on a phase-change material are considered. Our comparison demonstrates the significance of the process conditions for the choice of the appropriate technology. The study shows that adsorption TES offers significant potential to increase the energy efficiency: primary energy consumption can be reduced by up to 25%. The key is the availability of low-grade heat at times of discharging and of a low-grade heat demand when charging the storage unit.The study reveals that a comprehensive evaluation of the storage performance requires dynamic models that precisely describe the storage performance and the heat losses in particular. The present thesis provides the basis with a new experimental setup to precisely characterize the adsorption TES unit. In an experimental analysis of the TES performance, we quantify the heat losses, the energy recovery ratio (6991%) and the energy storage density (20.4 kWh/m3) of the adsorption TES unit for varying charging temperatures and storage times ranging from continuous operation to seasonal storage.The extensive experimental study provides the basis to improve our model of the adsorption TES unit. The model is calibrated to heat-loss measurements and a storagecycle measurement. We quantify the simulation accuracy and validate the model with measurements at various process conditions. The model achieves a higher prediction accuracy than other models from literature. The thesis thus provides a basis for future investigations of energy systems to exploit the advantages of adsorption TES. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: New. Thermal energy storage (TES) helps to reduce energy consumption and peak demands by balancing heat supply and demand on all time scales from short-term to seasonal. Thus, TES is an important technology to improve flexibility and efficiency of energy systems. In particular, adsorption TES systems, which exploit the enthalpy of adsorption, provide high energy storage density and high efficiency.The present thesis therefore analyzes an adsorption TES unit for residential and industrial applications. Industrial energy supply can be made more efficient by integrating waste heat into the process heat supply and by using energy-efficient technologies. Adsorption TES contributes to both approaches: waste heat can be integrated via the heat pump effect and TES allows for energy-efficient cogeneration heat supply for batch processes.We evaluate the energy efficiency of the heat supply for an industrial batch process by adsorption TES and cogeneration. To evaluate the performance, a dynamic model of an adsorption TES unit is developed. Measurements from earlier experimental investigations of an adsorption TES unit are used to calibrate the storage model. As benchmark, a peak boiler and TES based on a phase-change material are considered. Our comparison demonstrates the significance of the process conditions for the choice of the appropriate technology. The study shows that adsorption TES offers significant potential to increase the energy efficiency: primary energy consumption can be reduced by up to 25%. The key is the availability of low-grade heat at times of discharging and of a low-grade heat demand when charging the storage unit.The study reveals that a comprehensive evaluation of the storage performance requires dynamic models that precisely describe the storage performance and the heat losses in particular. The present thesis provides the basis with a new experimental setup to precisely characterize the adsorption TES unit. In an experimental analysis of the TES performance, we quantify the heat losses, the energy recovery ratio (69-91%) and the energy storage density (20.4 kWh/m3) of the adsorption TES unit for varying charging temperatures and storage times ranging from continuous operation to seasonal storage.The extensive experimental study provides the basis to improve our model of the adsorption TES unit. The model is calibrated to heat-loss measurements and a storagecycle measurement. We quantify the simulation accuracy and validate the model with measurements at various process conditions. The model achieves a higher prediction accuracy than other models from literature. The thesis thus provides a basis for future investigations of energy systems to exploit the advantages of adsorption TES.

Paperback. Condizione: New. During the last 25 years, most of the communication systems have been converted to purely digital technology, although the transmitted content mostly is analog by nature. The principal advantages of digital communication are compression by source encoding, bit error protection by channel coding and robust transmission over noisy channels by appropriate modulation. Digital systems are usually designed for worst case channel conditions. However, often the channel quality is much better, which is not reflected in an improved end-to-end transmission quality due to inevitable quantization noise produced by the source encoder.In this thesis, the focus is set on systems which:. are not purely digital anymore. benefit from increasing channel qualities and. avoid the saturation effect using discrete-time, continuous-amplitude techniques.In the first part, purely analog, i.e., discrete-time and continuous-amplitude transmission systems are considered - with linear or nonlinear components. Theoretical performance limits are discussed and a new rate-distortion upper bound is derived which can be evaluated semi-analytically. The performance of linear transmission systems is derived analytically while simulations assess several nonlinear systems including the famous Archimedes spiral. A new class of nonlinear discrete-time analog coding systems, i.e., the Analog Modulo Block Codes (AMBCs) is developed. One important observation is that nonlinear discrete-time, continuous-amplitude systems can be decomposed into a discrete and a continuous-amplitudes part. The considered systems exhibit a considerable gap to capacity but they all circumvent the saturation effect due to the continuous-amplitude components.In the main part of the thesis, these findings are turned into a design principle. Hybrid Digital-Analog (HDA) transmission systems consist of separate digital and analog branches while each is constructed independently. By combining both worlds - digital and continuous-amplitude transmission - new concepts emerge which fuse their advantages: capacity achieving performance in the digital branch with a huge variety of conventional digital codes plus avoiding the saturation effect in the analog branch. The performance of HDA systems is assessed theoretically as well as by simulations. These Hybrid Digital-Analog (HDA) transmission systems outperform both purely digital and continuous-amplitude concepts. HDA transmission is an attractive solution for wireless systems such as microphones, loudspeakers or distributed sensors.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. One of the most important tools in the metal forming technology is the integrated process and microstructual simulation using Finite Element Methods (FEM). It has become more and more popular in recent years, especially in the segment of hot metal forming, e.g. open die forging of large scaled and hardly deformable materials, such as nickel-based super alloys for turbine shaft. Theoretically using this method it is possible to calculate the microstructual evolution along the whole process chain in the numerical simulation of the considered metal forming process. Based on this knowledge a series of benefits can be achieved for the practice, such as to optimize a present metal forming process, to predict the mechanical properties of the final products under the given forming conditions, to detect the possible product failures prematurely, to assist the design of a new production chain and so on. In the face of these trends of the scientific research as well as the industrial demands, different material models have been released in the market to combine the commercial FEM programs specialized in the numerical simulation of metal forming. Among others microstructure-based ow stress models show outstanding performance. Through this kind of material model not only the microstructure such as recrystallization and grain size, but also the interaction between the microstructual evolution and the working hardening, effectively ow stress, can be quantitatively represented.Towards accurate and efficient material modeling, the model parameters have to be determined conveniently and reliably. For this propose a new Hybrid strategy combining the advantages both of direct and indirect methods has been proposed using the example of StrucSim, which is a very good representative of a mircostructure-based ow stress model. At first different aspects, which lead to the disadvantages of the conventional method, i.e. direct method, were discussed. In doing so a high manganese steel was characterized as an example by stepwise graphical and regression analysis. It was found that, the precondition of direct methods, namely recording ow curves under constant Zener-hollomon-parameter conditions, are basically not possible due to both limitations of test equipment and unconquerable physical mechanism like dissipation heating. The common solution to compensate these factors may lead to further inaccuracies, uncertainties and complexities despite large testing and evaluating efforts. Further in order to improve the model quality calibrated by the conventional direct method an efficient hybrid strategy has been derived by combining inverse analysis with offline calculation of ow stress and microstructure. Three different variations of the hybrid strategy were introduced to deal with different available experimental databases, such as isothermal and non-isothermal ow curves. To demonstrate the developed routines of these three hybrid possibilities two kinds of materials including a nickel-based super alloy and a high manganese steel have been taken into account. The investigation has shown that through the introduced hybrid methods better model quality can be achieved even with less experimental data. Owing to the convenience of the inverse technique much experimental and evaluating effort and complexities can be avoided. Finally, another inverse analysis based on inhomogeneous deformation has been proposed, in which hot compression tests with double cone specimen were employed. Thanks to the inhomogeneity of strain and microstructure distribution within the specimen, it becomes possible to get sufficient relevant information as constraints for the inverse parameterization through even fewer experiments. In addition, the established routine of a hybrid strategy as well as the inverse analysis based on non-uniform deformation enhances the trans Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: New. One of the most important tools in the metal forming technology is the integrated process and microstructual simulation using Finite Element Methods (FEM). It has become more and more popular in recent years, especially in the segment of hot metal forming, e.g. open die forging of large scaled and hardly deformable materials, such as nickel-based super alloys for turbine shaft. Theoretically using this method it is possible to calculate the microstructual evolution along the whole process chain in the numerical simulation of the considered metal forming process. Based on this knowledge a series of benefits can be achieved for the practice, such as to optimize a present metal forming process, to predict the mechanical properties of the final products under the given forming conditions, to detect the possible product failures prematurely, to assist the design of a new production chain and so on. In the face of these trends of the scientific research as well as the industrial demands, different material models have been released in the market to combine the commercial FEM programs specialized in the numerical simulation of metal forming. Among others microstructure-based ow stress models show outstanding performance. Through this kind of material model not only the microstructure such as recrystallization and grain size, but also the interaction between the microstructual evolution and the working hardening, effectively ow stress, can be quantitatively represented.Towards accurate and efficient material modeling, the model parameters have to be determined conveniently and reliably. For this propose a new Hybrid strategy combining the advantages both of direct and indirect methods has been proposed using the example of StrucSim, which is a very good representative of a mircostructure-based ow stress model. At first different aspects, which lead to the disadvantages of the conventional method, i.e. direct method, were discussed. In doing so a high manganese steel was characterized as an example by stepwise graphical and regression analysis. It was found that, the precondition of direct methods, namely recording ow curves under constant Zener-hollomon-parameter conditions, are basically not possible due to both limitations of test equipment and unconquerable physical mechanism like dissipation heating. The common solution to compensate these factors may lead to further inaccuracies, uncertainties and complexities despite large testing and evaluating efforts. Further in order to improve the model quality calibrated by the conventional direct method an efficient hybrid strategy has been derived by combining inverse analysis with offline calculation of ow stress and microstructure. Three different variations of the hybrid strategy were introduced to deal with different available experimental databases, such as isothermal and non-isothermal ow curves. To demonstrate the developed routines of these three hybrid possibilities two kinds of materials including.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. In this thesis, two novel synthesis methodologies are proposed to facilitate the use of optimization for efficient and reliable DESS synthesis, thus making optimization accessible for practitioners: The automated superstructure-based and the superstructurefree synthesis methodology. The proposed methodologies avoid both the a priori definition of a superstructure and the manual definition of many technology-specific replacement rules while accounting for the major characteristics inherent to DESS synthesis problems. The superstructure-based framework (chapter 4) relies on an algorithm for automated superstructure-generation. The method employs a successive superstructure expansion and optimization strategy that continuously increases the number of units included in the superstructure until the optimal solution is identified. The superstructure-free approach (chapter 5) combines evolutionary optimization and deterministic optimization for simultaneous alternatives generation and optimization. A knowledge-integrated mutation operator is proposed that relies on a hierarchically-structured graph, the so-called energy conversion hierarchy (ECH). The ECH efficiently defines all reasonable replacement rules, thus avoiding their manual definition. The mutation operator performs structural replacements for the evolutionary generation of solution alternatives. Both synthesis methodologies use a generic component-based modeling framework, thus making the methodologies independent of the employed mathematical programming formulation. In this thesis, a robust MILP formulation is used that allows to simultaneously optimize the structure, sizing, and operation of distributed energy supply systems accounting for time-varying load profiles, continuous equipment sizing, economy of scale of equipment investment, and part-load equipment performance. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: New. In this thesis, two novel synthesis methodologies are proposed to facilitate the use of optimization for efficient and reliable DESS synthesis, thus making optimization accessible for practitioners: The automated superstructure-based and the superstructurefree synthesis methodology. The proposed methodologies avoid both the a priori definition of a superstructure and the manual definition of many technology-specific replacement rules while accounting for the major characteristics inherent to DESS synthesis problems. The superstructure-based framework (chapter 4) relies on an algorithm for automated superstructure-generation. The method employs a successive superstructure expansion and optimization strategy that continuously increases the number of units included in the superstructure until the optimal solution is identified. The superstructure-free approach (chapter 5) combines evolutionary optimization and deterministic optimization for simultaneous alternatives generation and optimization. A knowledge-integrated mutation operator is proposed that relies on a hierarchically-structured graph, the so-called energy conversion hierarchy (ECH). The ECH efficiently defines all reasonable replacement rules, thus avoiding their manual definition. The mutation operator performs structural replacements for the evolutionary generation of solution alternatives. Both synthesis methodologies use a generic component-based modeling framework, thus making the methodologies independent of the employed mathematical programming formulation. In this thesis, a robust MILP formulation is used that allows to simultaneously optimize the structure, sizing, and operation of distributed energy supply systems accounting for time-varying load profiles, continuous equipment sizing, economy of scale of equipment investment, and part-load equipment performance.

Paperback. Condizione: New. Big data raises new opportunities for deep insights and supporting decision-making. To seize these opportunities, methods that derive useful knowledge from large amounts of data are needed. Such methods can help meet urgent challenges in many fields. An urgent challenge for energy systems is the necessary transformation towards sustainability to mitigate climate change. One crucial aspect of this challenge is a permanent optimal operation of energy systems. In principle, mathematical optimization can best determine the optimal operation of energy systems. However, manual model generation and operational optimization of energy systems are time-consuming and can thus prevent an application of mathematical optimization in practice. This thesis presents methods that use measured data to automatically generate mathematical models of energy systems to tackle the challenge of time-consuming model generations. Additionally, methods are presented that accelerate the operational optimization of energy systems. Regarding model generation, the presented data-driven methods solve the trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency of the energy system model by weighting each component model by its role in the overall system. Thereby, the methods automatically generate energy system models that allow for accurate and computationally efficient optimization.To accelerate the operational optimization of energy systems, we present two methods that decompose the complex operational optimization problem into smaller subproblems. The methods provide high-quality solutions. The first method employs expert knowledge about the individual energy system to significantly accelerate the operational optimization while retaining an excellent solution quality.The second method applies artificial neural nets to solve the operational optimization in a reliably short time while offering a high solution quality. Overall, the methods presented in this thesis enable a broader application of mathematical optimization for energy systems.

Paperback. Condizione: New. In 2007 the International Telecommunication Union, Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) published evaluation guidelines for future mobile broadband radio networks including a minimal VoIP capacity that the IEEE 802.16m WiMAX system had to meet, proven by system level simulation. These evaluation guidelines are the foundation of this work that shows that relayenhanced 4G networks do not only meet the requirements but exceed them by far. The key-requirement for packet based VoIP services that has been set in the evaluation guidelines demands that the end-to-end packet delay of at least 98% of user data traffic stays below 50 ms.Since 2011 proposals of ComNets to implement relays into mobile radio networks to increase system capacity are part of all 4G systems (LTE and WiMAX). This work investigates the voice over IP (VoIP) capacity of the relay-enhanced WiMAX system by system simulation. The work presents a modular approach that has been developed by my colleagues and myself to implement the WiMAX protocol stack, also known as WiMAC, into the openWNS simulator. The approach is based on atomic protocol functions that are bound to so called FU and interconnected in a network of functional units (FUs) and thereby implement the WiMAX protocol bit-by-bit. Besides the performance evaluation of VoIP services based on the ITU-R scenarios and channel model, this work also determines the optimal radio resource configuration for up- and downlink and furthermore investigates the impact of RS location on system capacity. Core functions of the simulator are being validated by comparison of equivalent results of other simulators.Cumulative distribution functions of the end-to-end delay of VoIP user data packets, determined by simulation show that relays double the carried VoIP traffic load compared to a scenario without relay stations (RSs) due to the improved prediction of the uplink channel state that is the bottleneck of the system.The performance enhancement is a surprise since relays increase the end-to-end packet delay and packet error due to an additional transmission compared to conventional single-hop operation.

Paperback. Condizione: New. Long Term Evolution (LTE) standardized by 3GPP operates fully packet switched and does not have a circuit switched domain as older systems HSPA, UMTS and GSM. It must support a minimum number of voice calls to be recognized as IMT-Advanced system by ITU. Therefore ITU has published the IMT-Advanced Evaluation Guidelines describing evaluation scenarios and minimum quality of service demands for voice calls to be evaluated by system level simulation. Those guidelines require transmission of VoIP packets within 50 ms over the air interface and packet loss rate below 2 %.3GPP came to the conclusion Voice-over-LTE (VoLTE) with semi-persistent scheduling satisfies the ITU demands. This was verified by independent evaluation groups. Semi-persistent scheduling reserves radio resources for VoIP packets for the duration of a talk spurt while other packets, e.g. retransmissions of lost packets, individually receive resources (dynamic scheduling). Advantage is significantly decreased signaling overhead but the method is more complex than the classical approach individually assigning radio resources for each packet. Individual assignment of radio resources is also used for data traffic of so called Over-the-Top (OTT) VoIP applications.This thesis compares VoIP capacity of VoLTE and OTT focusing on the impact of the radio link. Radio resource assignment optimized for delay critical traffic like VoIP is assumed for OTT to allow a fair comparison. A concept developed by me to design complex VoIP schedulers from basic resource assignment algorithms is described. It is applied for VoLTE and OTT. The openWNS/IMTAPhy simulator developed at RWTH Aachen University ComNets Research Group and extended at TU Munich Chair of Communication Networks is enhanced for VoIP evaluation based on that concept. Methods to improve VoIP capacity are evaluated separately for up- and downlink. Different channel prediction strategies are applied for each direction and based on that transmission rate adaptation is performed.Results show improved capacity through aggressive rate adaptation and resource assignment resulting in higher data rates and therefore reduced resource demand while at the same time increasing packet error rate. Too aggressive parameters significantly reduce VoIP capacity while moderate adjustments increase it by ca. 15 % in the downlink and 10 % in the uplink for VoLTE. OTT cannot benefit from these improvements if the number of control channels is limited and becomes a bottleneck. If more control channels were available than defined by the current standard OTT VoIP capacity could be improved for downlink. High uplink interference variance makes channel prediction more difficult and prevents capacity gains for OTT as achieved with VoLTE.Besides simulation results an analytical discrete time Engset queueing model was described and solved for its waiting time distribution to determine VoIP capacity in scenarios without and with adjacent channel interference from neighb.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. Long Term Evolution (LTE) standardized by 3GPP operates fully packet switched and does not have a circuit switched domain as older systems HSPA, UMTS and GSM. It must support a minimum number of voice calls to be recognized as IMT-Advanced system by ITU. Therefore ITU has published the IMT-Advanced Evaluation Guidelines describing evaluation scenarios and minimum quality of service demands for voice calls to be evaluated by system level simulation. Those guidelines require transmission of VoIP packets within 50 ms over the air interface and packet loss rate below 2 %.3GPP came to the conclusion Voice-over-LTE (VoLTE) with semi-persistent scheduling satisfies the ITU demands. This was verified by independent evaluation groups. Semi-persistent scheduling reserves radio resources for VoIP packets for the duration of a talk spurt while other packets, e.g. retransmissions of lost packets, individually receive resources (dynamic scheduling). Advantage is significantly decreased signaling overhead but the method is more complex than the classical approach individually assigning radio resources for each packet. Individual assignment of radio resources is also used for data traffic of so called Over-the-Top (OTT) VoIP applications.This thesis compares VoIP capacity of VoLTE and OTT focusing on the impact of the radio link. Radio resource assignment optimized for delay critical traffic like VoIP is assumed for OTT to allow a fair comparison. A concept developed by me to design complex VoIP schedulers from basic resource assignment algorithms is described. It is applied for VoLTE and OTT. The openWNS/IMTAPhy simulator developed at RWTH Aachen University ComNets Research Group and extended at TU Munich Chair of Communication Networks is enhanced for VoIP evaluation based on that concept. Methods to improve VoIP capacity are evaluated separately for up- and downlink. Different channel prediction strategies are applied for each direction and based on that transmission rate adaptation is performed.Results show improved capacity through aggressive rate adaptation and resource assignment resulting in higher data rates and therefore reduced resource demand while at the same time increasing packet error rate. Too aggressive parameters significantly reduce VoIP capacity while moderate adjustments increase it by ca. 15 % in the downlink and 10 % in the uplink for VoLTE. OTT cannot benefit from these improvements if the number of control channels is limited and becomes a bottleneck. If more control channels were available than defined by the current standard OTT VoIP capacity could be improved for downlink. High uplink interference variance makes channel prediction more difficult and prevents capacity gains for OTT as achieved with VoLTE.Besides simulation results an analytical discrete time Engset queueing model was described and solved for its waiting time distribution to determine VoIP capacity in scenarios without and with adjacent channel interference from neighbor cells.In the Urban Macrocell scenario lowest downlink VoIP capacity results 43 users / cell / MHz for OTT and 41 users / cell / MHz for VoLTE were obtained with unlimited number of control channels. The Downlink is the bottleneck and therefore determines the overall VoIP capacity. Allowing users with bad channel condition to transmit at higher data rates than suggested by the rate adaptation algorithm reduces resource occupation but at the same time increases packet error rate. VoIP capacity is increased to 48 and 47 users / cell / MHz this way for OTT and VolTE, respectively.From this it is concluded that dynamic scheduling used by OTT is capable to provide sufficient VoIP capacity without the complexity introduced by SPS given that sufficient control channels are available, as expected in reality. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: New. Ever since humans have existed, they have impacted the earth in many different ways (Redman, 1999). Currently, important impacts are associated with the excessive use of non-renewable fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. Most fossil fuels are used for electricity generation, heating and mobility (eia, 2011), and as feedstock in the chemical industry (IEA et al., 2013). Moreover, the use of fossil fuels is associated with carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) (IEA, 2014; Leimk¨uhler, 2010). Emitting CO2 into the atmosphere leads to global warming and disrupts the natural carbon cycle (Stocker et al., 2013). To close the disrupted carbon cycle, CO2 can be captured and re-utilized, thereby mitigating global warming and saving fossil resources (Styring et al., 2014).CO2 can be captured from current anthropogenic CO2 sources or directly from the atmosphere. Captured CO2 can then be utilized as valuable physical product "as such"or as alternative carbon feedstock for fuels, chemicals and materials. The general concept of CO2 Capture and Utilization (CCU) can be considered established: already today, CO2 is captured and utilized in processes in the chemical industry (Aresta et al., 2014). However, the scope of CO2 utilization is limited. Despite the existing industrial implementations as well as continuous progress and current efforts in CCU research, most CCU technologies are still in early stages of development. Besides the limited technological readiness, CCU is intrinsically challenging since both capture and utilization of CCU typically require substantial amounts of energy (Sakakura et al., 2007). If the provision of energy relies on fossil resources, indirect CO2 emissions are caused. Therefore, the intuitively expected environmental benefits from using CO2 are not given by default (Peters et al., 2011b). In fact, it cannot be ruled out that a tediously accomplished CCU process is finally environmentally less sustainable than a conventional fossil-based route. Therefore, it is desirable to know whether a specific CCU process is environmentally favorable. For this purpose, a reliable environmental assessment of CCU is required.As indicators for the environmental performance of CCU, a large variety of approaches are proposed ranging from qualitative design principles (Anastas andWarner, 1998) and metrics for 'green' chemistry (Constable et al., 2002) to CCU-specific ad-hoc criteria (Peters et al., 2011b; M¨uller and Arlt, 2014). These approaches are rather intended to guide the development towards 'sustainable' CCU processes than to systematically quantify the actual environmental impacts. In contrast to these approaches, Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a systematic and standardized methodology to analyze the actual environmental impacts of products and processes (ISO 14040, 2009). Although LCA is frequently advocated for the environmental assessment of CCU (Aresta and Dibenedetto, 2007b; Peters et al., 2011b; Quadrelli et al., 2011), it is not.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

Condizione: As New. Unread book in perfect condition.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

Condizione: New.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

PAP. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. Established seller since 2000.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. Climate change mitigation requires a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The main emitter of GHG emissions is the energy sector, which today is based on fossil fuels. To mitigate climate change, we need to transform the energy systems to low-carbon technologies. For this purpose, new energy system designs are required along with appropriate operational strategies. In principle, these new designs and operational strategies can be identified best using mathematical optimization. However, low-carbon technologies impose challenges in solving and assessing the resulting optimization problems.Low-carbon technologies are volatile, which increase the complexity of optimal synthesis and operation. To cope with the complexity of operational optimization, we develop a time-series decomposition method. The method decomposes the complex, time-coupled operational problem into smaller subproblems, while still providing feasible, near-optimal solutions. For the increased complexity in synthesis problems, we propose a method based on time-series aggregation. The method divides the original synthesis problem into two separate problems: one aggregated relaxed problem and another aggregated restricted problem, leading to feasible, near-optimal solutions.In addition, the transformation process requires a rigorous assessment of greenhouse gas emissions and potential burden-shifting. In particular, the assessment of emissions due to electricity usage on the industrial scale is difficult, as the underlying national electricity system is not modeled. Therefore, we propose methods to compute industrial greenhouse gas emission factors for electricity. By exploiting these emission factors, industrial energy systems can significantly reduce their emissions. On the national scale, burden-shifting towards environmental impacts besides climate change needs to be prevented in the transformation. Hence, we develop a national energy system model and extend the optimization with life-cycle assessment considering 15 further environmental impacts. With the model, we compute a cost-optimal transformation pathway to a low-carbon energy system. The transformation leads to many co-benefits, but also to severe burden-shifting, which needs to be considered during the transformation process and in the development of new low-carbon technologies.Overall, the methods and models in this thesis facilitate the integration of low-carbon technologies in energy systems. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.