structure hydrogen atom microwave method di lamb willis retherford robert (5 risultati)

Soft cover. Condizione: Fine. Lamb, Willis E. And Robert C. Retherford, "Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom by a Microwave Method". In Physical Review, volume 72, number 3, August 1, 1947, pp 241-243, in the issue of pp 189-261. Fine copy in the original wrappers.__+__ The Lamb Shift and the beginning of quantum electrodynamics. Lamb won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955 for his discoveries related to the Lamb shift.__+__ ".it became clear that a new chapter in physics was upon us." A. Pais, Inward Bound, relating Lamb delivering his report at Shelter Island, p 451. __+__ "This effect was first measured in 1947 in the LambRetherford experiment on the hydrogen microwave spectrum and this measurement provided the stimulus for renormalization theory to handle the divergences. It was the harbinger of modern quantum electrodynamics developed by Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman, Ernst Stueckelberg, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Freeman Dyson."__+__ "On Lamb's 65th birthday, Freeman Dyson addressed him as follows: "Those years, when the Lamb shift was the central theme of physics, were golden years for all the physicists of my generation. You were the first to see that this tiny shift, so elusive and hard to measure, would clarify our thinking about particles and fields."--Wikipedia on the Lamb Shift __+__ Elsewhere Dyson referred to the best place for experiment in physics to be in the world at that time was Columbia, with Rabi in charge, and where Lamb (Ph.D. Under Oppenheimer) was doing his work on the hydrogen atom. In an interview Dyson remarked that hydrogen was the "most deeply explored" object in science, and that "if you don't understand the hydrogen atom, then you don't understand anything". When Lambusing the new microwave measuring capacitiesfound that there was a discrepancy between theory and experiment regarding the hydrogen spectrum it was found to be, well, "deeply disturbing".--quotes from Freeman Dyson on "Web of Stories" online. This paper reprinted in "Quantum Electrodynamics" edited by Julian Schwinger (1958) paper 26.

Soft cover. Condizione: Fine. 1st Edition. FIRST EDITION IN ORIGINAL WRAPPERS of the discovery of the "Lamb shift" "Shortly after World War II, Lamb began his work to check the accuracy of the predictions of Paul Dirac as they related to the energy levels and spectral lines of hydrogen. Dirac's quantum mechanical theory predicted that the hydrogen atom had two possible energy states with equal energies. Lamb's accurate work using radiofrequency resonance techniques, reported in 1947, revealed that there was a minute difference in these energy levels. Small as it was, this Lamb shift necessitated a revision of the theory of the interaction of the electron with electromagnetic radiation. For this work Lamb was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics, which he shared with another leader of research at Columbia, Polykarp Kusch, with whom he had performed wartime research in developing microwave radar" (.Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists). Particle Physics: One Hundred Years of Discoveries: "First measurements of the fine structure of the hydrogen atom, the Lamb shift. Nobel prize to W.E. Lamb awarded in 1955 'for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum.'" IN: The Physical Review, Vol 72, No 3, August 1, 1947, pp. 241-243. Lancaster, PA., and New York, NY: American Physical Society, 1947. Quarto, original wrappers. Tiny bump to outer edge, otherwise fine. Rare in wrappers.

1st Edition. FIRST EDITION, FIRST ISSUE of "The Electromagnetic Shift of Energy Levels," in which Bethe, considering the Lamb/Retherford discovery of the shift of the 2S-state of hydrogen upward in energy evidenced in "Fine Structure," took up an idea of Hans Kramer's that if one renormalized the mass of the electron ("taking into account its interaction with its own electromagnetic field, then only those parts of the self-energy which are not contained in the mass of the particle would be observable and amenable to experimentation") (Mehra, The Conceptual Completion, 1039). Full volume with many other papers of significance throughout. "The main idea in Bethe's calculation was to use Kramer's renormalization procedure (although in a quantum, rather than a classical context) for the self-energy of the electron in a nonrelativistic consideration of this problem" (ibid). When done, Bethe had "completed the first non-relativistic computation of the shift of the lines of the hydrogen atom as measured by Lamb and Retherford. Despite the linmitations of the computation, agreement was excellent. [Bethe's] idea was simply to attach infinities to corrections at mass and charge that were actually fixed to a finite value by experiments. In this way, the infinities get absorbed in those constants and yield a finite result in good agreement with experiments. This procedure was named renormalization" (Wikipedia). WITH the FIRST EDITION of the paper in which Lamb announced the fine structure of the hydrogen atom, discovered the discrepancy in electromagnetic theory called the Lamb Shift, and began the revolution that led to Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). QED basically describes how light and matter interact, addressing it as a small difference between energy levels of two orbitals of the hydrogen atom that was unexplained and at odds with prevailing electromagnetic theory, then Dirac's quantum theory of the electron. Lamb explains "electromagnetic attraction and repulsion. in terms of the exchange of photons between charged particles" (Peacock, The Quantum Revolution, 100). The Lamb Shift, then, is a small difference between energy levels of two orbitals of the hydrogen atom that was unexplained and at odds with prevailing electromagnetic theory, then Dirac's quantum theory of the electron. This small difference, caused by the interaction between the electron and the vacuum, became the impetus for the development of QED. QED, sometimes said to be the most accurate physical theory ever written, became the model for quantum field theories that would be developed in the future" (ibid). Able to mathematically describe all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons, QED can make extremely accurate predictions. Richard Feynman has called it "the jewel of physics" for this reason. In 1955, Lamb was awarded the Noble Prize along with P. Kusch (whose paper is also included here) "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" (Noble Prize Committee). CONDITION & DETAILS: Full volume. Lancaster: American Physical Society. 4to (10.75 x 8 inches; 268 x 200mm). Entire volume, continuously paginated pp. 1-1304. Lamb's paper: pp. 241-243; Bethe's pp. 339-341. Ex-libris with no markings at the spine whatsoever. Pictorial bookplate on front pastedown; small stamp on blank front flyleaf and title page. Illustration: In-text figures throughout. Exterior: Bound in tan cloth with a gilt-lettered spine; very slight rubbing at the edges. Tightly and solidly bound. Small closed tear at the corner of two pages; interior is bright and clean throughout. Very good condition.

1st Edition. BOUND FIRST EDITION, FIRST ISSUE of the paper in which Lamb announced the fine structure of the hydrogen atom, discovered the discrepancy in electromagnetic theory called the Lamb Shift, and began the revolution that led to Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). Full volume with many other papers of significance throughout. QED basically describes how light and matter interact, addressing it as a small difference between energy levels of two orbitals of the hydrogen atom that was unexplained and at odds with prevailing electromagnetic theory, then Dirac's quantum theory of the electron. Lamb explains "electromagnetic attraction and repulsion. in terms of the exchange of photons between charged particles" (Peacock, The Quantum Revolution, 100). The Lamb Shift, then, is a small difference between energy levels of two orbitals of the hydrogen atom that was unexplained and at odds with prevailing electromagnetic theory, then Dirac's quantum theory of the electron. This small difference, caused by the interaction between the electron and the vacuum, became the impetus for the development of QED. QED, sometimes said to be the most accurate physical theory ever written, became the model for quantum field theories that would be developed in the future" (ibid). Able to mathematically describe all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons, QED can make extremely accurate predictions. Richard Feynman has called it "the jewel of physics" for this reason. In 1955, Lamb was awarded the Noble Prize along with P. Kusch (whose paper is also included here) "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" (Noble Prize Committee). WITH Bethe's "The Electromagnetic Shift of Energy Levels," in which the author, considering the Lamb/Retherford discovery of the shift of the 2S-state of hydrogen upward in energy evidenced in "Fine Structure," took up an idea of Hans Kramer's that if one renormalized the mass of the electron ("taking into account its interaction with its own electromagnetic field, then only those parts of the self-energy which are not contained in the mass of the particle would be observable and amenable to experimentation") (Mehra, The Conceptual Completion, 1039). "The main idea in Bethe's calculation was to use Kramer's renormalization procedure (although in a quantum, rather than a classical context) for the self-energy of the electron in a nonrelativistic consideration of this problem" (ibid). When done, Bethe had "completed the first non-relativistic computation of the shift of the lines of the hydrogen atom as measured by Lamb and Retherford. Despite the linmitations of the computation, agreement was excellent. [Bethe's] idea was simply to attach infinities to corrections at mass and charge that were actually fixed to a finite value by experiments. In this way, the infinities get absorbed in those constants and yield a finite result in good agreement with experiments. This procedure was named renormalization" (Wikipedia). CONDITION & DETAILS: Full volume. Lancaster: American Physical Society. 4to (10.75 x 8 inches; 268 x 200mm). Entire volume, continuously paginated pp. 1-1304. Lamb's paper: pp. 241-243; Bethe's pp. 339-341. Ex-libris with no markings at the spine whatsoever. Pictorial bookplate on front pastedown; small stamp on blank front flyleaf and title page. Illustration: In-text figures throughout. Exterior: Bound in tan cloth with a gilt-lettered spine; very slight rubbing at the edges. Tightly and solidly bound. Small closed tear at the corner of two pages; interior is bright and clean throughout. Very good condition.

1st Edition. FIRST EDITION, FIRST ISSUE IN ORIGINAL WRAPS of the paper in which Lamb announced the fine structure of the hydrogen atom, discovered the discrepancy in electromagnetic theory called the Lamb Shift, and began the revolution that led to Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). QED basically describes how light and matter interact, addressing it as a small difference between energy levels of two orbitals of the hydrogen atom that was unexplained and at odds with prevailing electromagnetic theory, then Dirac's quantum theory of the electron. Lamb explains "electromagnetic attraction and repulsion. in terms of the exchange of photons between charged particles" (Peacock, The Quantum Revolution, 100). The Lamb Shift, then, is a small difference between energy levels of two orbitals of the hydrogen atom that was unexplained and at odds with prevailing electromagnetic theory, then Dirac's quantum theory of the electron. This small difference, caused by the interaction between the electron and the vacuum, became the impetus for the development of QED. QED, sometimes said to be the most accurate physical theory ever written, became the model for quantum field theories that would be developed in the future" (ibid). Able to mathematically describe all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons, QED can make extremely accurate predictions. Richard Feynman has called it "the jewel of physics" for this reason. In 1955, Lamb was awarded the Noble Prize along with P. Kusch (whose paper is also included here) "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" (Noble Prize Committee). CONDITION & DETAILS: Volume 72, Number 3. Original Wraps 4to (10.5 x 8 inches; 263 x 200mm). Meticulously rebacked at the spine to match the green of the wraps. The wraps are in near fine condition, as is the interior. NOTE THAT THE WRAPS ARE FAR BRIGHTER THAN THEY APPEAR IN THE PICTURE; IT IS JUST A DARK IMAGE FOR SOME REASON.