Cognitive and Psychometric Analysis of Analogical Problem Solving - Brossura

Roger Chaffin, Isaac I. Bejar

Brossura

ISBN 10: 0387973214 ISBN 13: 9780387973210

Casa editrice: Springer US, 1991

Riassunto

Test builders, like cognitive scientists, are aware of the cen­ trality of analogical reasoning and figure, correctly, that a test that samples a student's ability to think analogically may well be a good predictor of success in a variety of fields.

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Contenuti

1: Introduction.- Objectives of the Project and Overview of the Report.- 2: Theories of Memory Representation and Analogical Reasoning.- A Normative Model.- Words and Concepts.- Representation of Word Meaning.- Prototype Theory.- Feature Models.- Semantic Networks.- Schemata, Frames, and Scripts.- Summary.- Relations Between Concepts.- Relation Expressions.- Novel Relations.- Relation Similarity.- Summary.- Comparison of Relations.- Relation Element Theory.- Reasoning with Analogies.- Psychometric Models.- Spearman’s Model.- Sternberg’s Models.- Evans’ Model.- Pellegrino and Collaborators.- Embretson (Whitely) Models.- Relation Element Theory.- Reasoning Models.- Rumelhart and Abrahamson’s Model.- Gentner’s Structural Mapping Theory.- Holyoak and Thagard’s ACME Model.- Summary.- 3: A Taxonomy of Semantic Relations.- The Taxonomy.- Completeness of the Taxonomy.- A Higher-Order Classification of Semantic Relations.- Intensional and Pragmatic Relations.- The 10 Relation Families.- Precedents for the Dichotomy.- Empirical Evidence for the Dichotomy.- Previous Studies.- A Reanalysis of Whitely’s 1977 Data.- A New Sorting Study.- A Comparison of GRE Candidates With Different Majors.- Factor Analytic Evidence.- Earlier Work on Cognitive Dictionaries.- Uses of the Taxonomy.- Item Development.- Computer Generation of Items.- Theoretical Primitives.- Research.- 4: Description of the Item Pool.- Distribution of Deltas and r-Biserial.- Distribution According to Test Development Taxonomies.- Distribution According to Relational Taxonomy.- Relationship of the Taxonomy of Semantic Relations to Other Test Development Taxonomies.- Summary.- 5: The Effect of Vocabulary Level and Rationale Complexity on Item Difficulty.- Data and Procedures.- Regression of Delta on Stem and Key Frequency for All Items.- The Role of Complexity in Difficulty.- Summary.- 6: The Relationship Between Delta and r-Biserial.- The Negative Relationship As an Artifact.- The Relationship of Delta and r-Biserial for Other GRE Items.- Other Data Sets.- Recomputing r-Biserial.- Polyserial Analysis.- Summary.- 7: Expert Analyses of Analogy Items.- Method.- Results.- Data Analysis.- Prediction of Item Difficulty.- Raters’ Model of Item Difficulty.- Prediction of Delta.- Raters’ Performance and Type of Analogy.- Summary.- 8: Cognitive Processing and Item Difficulty.- Relationship Between Processing Demands and Psychometric Difficulty.- Subjects and Method for Experiments 1 and 2.- Experiment 1.- Experiment 2.- Lexical Overlap.- Practical Value of Process Variables in Modeling Difficulty.- Summary.- 9: Cross Validation: Analysis of Pretested Items.- Establishing Criteria.- Regression Results.- A Practical Assessment of Utility.- Predicting Low r-Biserials.- Summary.- 10: Summary and Conclusions.- The Study in Perspective.- Systematic Item Writing.- Psychological Response Modeling.- Processing Models.- Practical Considerations.- Further Research.- References.- Author Index.

Dettagli dell'edizione

• Editore: Springer US
• Data di pubblicazione: 1991
• Lingua: Inglese
• ISBN 10: 0387973214
• ISBN 13: 9780387973210
• Rilegatura: Copertina flessibile
• Numero di pagine: 252
• Contatto del produttore: non disponibile
• Persona responsabile: Springer Nature Customer Service Center GmbH; ProductSafety@springernature.com; ; Europaplatz 3,69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg; 69115; Germania