Riassunto
This new edition is intended for third and fourth year undergraduates in Engineering, Physics, Mathematics, and the Applied Sciences, and can serve as a springboard for further work in Continuum Mechanics or General Relativity. Starting from a basic knowledge of calculus and matrix algebra, together with fundamental ideas from mechanics and geometry, the text gradually develops the tools for formulating and manipulating the field equations of Continuum Mechanics. The mathematics of tensor analysis is introduced in well-separated stages: the concept of a tensor as an operator; the representation of a tensor in terms of its Cartesian components; the components of a tensor relative to a general basis, tensor notation, and finally, tensor calculus. The physical interpretation and application of vectors and tensors are stressed throughout. Though concise, the text is written in an informal, non-intimidating style enhanced by worked-out problems and a meaningful variety of exercises. The new edition includes more exercises, especially at the end of chapter IV. Furthermore, the author has appended a section on Differential Geometry, the essential mathematical tool in the study of the 2-dimensional structural shells and 4-dimensional general relativity.
Contenuti
I Introduction: Vectors and Tensors.- Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space.- Directed Line Segments.- Addition of Two Vectors.- Multiplication of a Vector v by a Scalar ?.- Things That Vectors May Represent.- Cartesian Coordinates.- The Dot Product.- Cartesian Base Vectors.- The Interpretation of Vector Addition.- The Cross Product.- Alternative Interpretation of the Dot and Cross Product. Tensors.- Definitions.- The Cartesian Components of a Second Order Tensor.- The Cartesian Basis for Second Order Tensors.- Exercises.- II General Bases and Tensor Notation.- General Bases.- The Jacobian of a Basis Is Nonzero.- The Summation Convention.- Computing the Dot Product in a General Basis.- Reciprocal Base Vectors.- The Roof (Contravariant) and Cellar (Covariant) Components of a Vector.- Simplification of the Component Form of the Dot Product in a General Basis.- Computing the Cross Product in a General Basis.- A Second Order Tensor Has Four Sets of Components in General.- Change of Basis.- Exercises.- III Newton’s Law and Tensor Calculus.- Rigid Bodies.- New Conservation Laws.- Nomenclature.- Newton’s Law in Cartesian Components.- Newton’s Law in Plane Polar Coordinates.- The Physical Components of a Vector.- The Christoffel Symbols.- General Three-Dimensional Coordinates.- Newton’s Law in General Coordinates.- Computation of the Christoffel Symbols.- An Alternative Formula for Computing the Christoffel Symbols.- A Change of Coordinates.- Transformation of the Christoffel Symbols.- Exercises.- IV The Gradient, the Del Operator, Covariant Differentiation, and the Divergence Theorem.- The Gradient.- Linear and Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problems.- The Del Operator.- The Divergence, Curl, and Gradient of a Vector Field.- The Invariance of ? · v, ? × v, and ?v.- The Covariant Derivative.- The Component Forms of ? · v, ? × v, and ?v.- The Kinematics of Continuum Mechanics.- The Divergence Theorem.- Differential Geometry.- Exercises.
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