Foucault jean bernard leon (9 risultati)

Hardcover. Condizione: Fine. ++The Speed of Light Travels Faster in Air than in Water++ FOUCAULT, Leon (Jean Bernard, 1819-1868). "Sur les Vitesses Relatives de la Lumiere dans l'Air et dans l'Eau" in Annales de Chimie et de Physiques; Paris, Victor Masson, 1854.Vol. 41, the full volume offered of 512pp (with three plates) and the Foucault appearing on pp. 129-164.[++] Newly and beautifully rebound in calf-backed mrbled boards with red and gited spine labels. A lovely copy! [++] This paper by Foucault ("On the Relative Speeds of Light in Air and Water" which is also in fact his dissertation for docteur ès sciences physiques  in 1853) conducted experiments to measure the speed of light in different media, finding that light travels slower in water than in air, supporting the wave theory of light and contradicting earlier assumptions based on the ether theory. Of interest to note is that plate ii shows the instrument devised by Foucault for the experiment. The results of these experiments were conducted in 1850 and announced in 1853, and then published in this volume of the Annales in 1854. ("Foucault s first experiment, carried out in 1850 and written up in full in his doctoral thesis of 1853, was purely comparative; he announced no numerical values until 1862. Then, with an improved apparatus, he was able to measure precisely the velocity of light in air. This result, significantly smaller than Fizeau s of 1849, changed the accepted value of solar parallax and vindicated the higher value which Le Verrier had calculated from astronomical data. Foucault s turning-mirror apparatus was the basis for the later determinations of the velocity of light by A. A. Michelson and Simon Newcomb."--Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography online.…

First edition. Proving the wave theory of light. First edition, rare, and an exceptionally fine copy, of Foucault's doctoral thesis on the speed of light, in which he provides a convincing proof for the wave theory of light. In the 1840s Foucault undertook a series of optical experiments using an apparatus of rotating mirrors to determine the velocity of light. Originally developed by Charles Wheatstone to measure the velocity of electricity, the rotating mirror apparatus had been proposed as an instrument for the measurement of light in 1838 by Dominique-François Arago who failed in his own attempts to carry out the experiment. Foucault's initial work was carried out in conjunction with the physicist Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau (1819-1896); but a personal dispute broke up their partnership in 1847 and the two collaborators became rivals, working separately on the same problem using the same technique. Both reached the same conclusion, but while Fizeau was the first to obtain, in 1849, a precision measurement of the velocity of light, Foucault pre-empted him in announcing, on 30 April 1850, that light travels faster in air than in water, a decisive argument in favour of the wave theory of light, which by the mid-nineteenth century had become generally accepted. In his thesis Foucault gives a detailed account of his experiment, illustrating his apparatus; it was not until 1862 that he was able to determine a numerical value for the speed of light, of about 298,000 kilometers per second, a figure significantly smaller, and more accurate, than Fizeau's. Foucault is today best known for the pendulum experiments demonstrating the rotation of the earth which he performed in 1851. Perhaps he considered these experiments to be unsuitable as a thesis topic as the result (the rotation of the earth) was well known to everyone, whereas the results of his air-and-water experiments, though expected by most scientists, were new. ABPC/RBH list five copies in the last 40 years: Christie's 2008, $17,395; Christie's, Paris 2004, ?9000; Christie's 2004, $8,812; Christie's 1999, $10,350; Christie's 1998, $7,475. "The early-to-mid 1800s were a period of intense debate on the particle-versus-wave nature of light. Although the observation of the Arago spot in 1819 may seem to have settled the matter definitively in favor of Fresnel's wave theory of light, various concerns continued to appear to be addressed more satisfactorily by Newton's corpuscular theory . "In 1834, Charles Wheatstone developed a method of using a rapidly rotating mirror to study transient phenomena, and applied this method to measure the velocity of electricity in a wire and the duration of an electric spark ['An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light,' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 124, pp. 583-591]. He communicated to François Arago the idea that his method could be adapted to a study of the speed of light. Arago expanded upon Wheatstone's concept in an 1838 publication ['Sur un système d'expériences à l'aide duquel la théorie de l'émission et celle des ondes seront soumises à des épreuves décisives,' Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, vol. 7, pp. 954-960], emphasizing the possibility that a test of the relative speed of light in air versus water could be used to distinguish between the particle and wave theories of light" (Wikipedia). "A comparison of this velocity in air and in water would be a clear experimental test between the wave and particle theories of light, since the former required light to travel faster in air; the latter, in water" (DSB). "In 1845, Arago suggested to Fizeau and Foucault that they attempt to measure the speed of light. Sometime in 1849, however, it appears that the two had a falling out, and they parted ways pursuing separate means of performing this experiment. In 1848-49, Fizeau used, not a rotating mirror, but a toothed wheel apparatus to perform an absolute measurement of the speed of light in air . "In 1850 and in 1862, Léon Foucault made improved determinations of the speed of light substituting a rotating mirror for Fizeau's toothed wheel. The apparatus involves light from a slit S reflecting off a rotating mirror R, forming an image of the slit on the distant stationary mirror M, which is then reflected back to reform an image of the original slit. If mirror R is stationary, then the slit image will reform at S regardless of the mirror's tilt. The situation is different, however, if R is in rapid rotation. As the rotating mirror R will have moved slightly in the time it takes for the light to bounce from R to M and back, the light will be deflected away from the original source by a small angle. "Guided by similar motivations as his former partner, Foucault in 1850 was more interested in settling the particle-versus-wave debate than in determining an accurate absolute value for the speed of light. Foucault measured the differential speed of light through air versus water by inserting a tube filled with water between the rotating mirror and the distant mirror. His experimental results, announced shortly before Fizeau announced his results on the same topic, were viewed as 'driving the last nail in the coffin' of Newton's corpuscle theory of light when it showed that light travels more slowly through water than through air. Newton had explained refraction as a pull of the medium upon the light, implying an increased speed of light in the medium. The corpuscular theory of light went into abeyance, completely overshadowed by wave theory. This state of affairs lasted until 1905, when Einstein presented heuristic arguments that under various circumstances, such as when considering the photoelectric effect, light exhibits behaviors indicative of a particle nature. "In contrast to his 1850 measurement, Foucault's 1862 measurement was aimed at obtaining an accurate absolute value for the speed.…

Hardcover. Condizione: Sehr gut. Seiten 428-434. Schöner Halbleinenband im Stil der Zeit mit Rückenschild und Rückenvergoldung. - In: Annalen der Physik. Hrsg. von J. C. Poggendorff. Band 81. - Kollation des gesamten Bandes: X, 580 Seiten, 1 gefaltete Tafel. - Erste deutsche Ausgabe. - Simonyi 353/354; Lex. d. bedeutenden Naturwissenschaftler II, 36/37. - Foucault entwickelte eine Drehspiegelmethode zur Messung der Lichtgeschwindigkeit, die er auf 298.000 km/s bestimmte. - Titel gestempelt. - Enthält auch Abhandlungen von Doppler, Gmelin, Bunsen u. a. - Sehr gut erhalten.…

Paris, Victor Masson, 1854. No wrappers. Extracted from "Annales de Chimie et de Physique", 3me Series - Tome 41. With titlepage to Tome 41. Pp. 120-164 and 1 large folded engraved plate showing the experimental apparatus. Some foxing throughout. The periodical issue of Foucault's doctorial thesis in which he for the first time showed that light slows down in water, thus giving experimental evidence for the undulatory theory of light."He.made use of his mirror method to measure the velocity of light through water and other transparent media. As long before as the time of Huygens and Newton it had been suggested that one way of settling the dispute as to whether light was a wave form or a stream of particles was by measuring its velocity in water. According to the wave theory, light should slow down in water" according to the particle theory, it should speed up. In 1853 showed that the velocity of light was less in water than in air, a strong piece of evidence in favor of the wave theory. He presented this work as his doctoral thesis."(Asimov).…

Paris, Victor Masson, Imprimerie de Bachelier, 1849-50. No wrappers. In "Annales de Chimie et de Physique", 3me Series - Tome XXVI a. XXX., Juin 1849 a. Octobre 1850. (The entire issues offered). Titlepages to vol. 26 a. 30. Pp. 129-256 a. pp. 129-256. Fizeau & Foucault's paper: pp. 138-148 a. pp. 146-159, 2 folded engraved plates. Some scattred brownspots. First appearance of thispaper in which the authors demonstrated importent similarities between sound - and lightwaves, and that interference takes place between rays of light of different wavelenghts thus giving considerably evidence for the wave theory of light."By analyzing the white light source into simpler constituents by means of a spectroscope, Fizeau and Foucault were able to observe fringes produced by interfering light rays with a difference of travel equal to more than 7,000 wavelenghts, thus showing hat light waves, like sound waves, remain geometrically constant over a large number of periods. But light waves, because of their transverse vibrations, are more complex than sound waves. Light can assume different forms of planes of vibration as well as different intensities. Using the same spectroscopic apparatus as in the preceeding experiment, Fizeau and Foucault observed the interaction of two rays produced by passing a single polarized ray through a birefringent crystal. In this case, instead of obtaining alternating bands of light and dark, they obtained bands of light periodcally polarized in different planes of vibration."(DSB V, p. 19). …

Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1851 Without wrappers as issued in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff", 82. Bd., 3. issue ("Heft" No 3, 1851). Entire issue offered. Pp. 337-464. Foucault's paper: pp. 458-462. With titlepage to volume 82. First German edition of the famous paper in which Foucault presented his discovery of the proof of the rotation of the earth by the large pendulum, called FOUCAULT'S PENDULUM. It was presented by Arago at the meeting of the Acadey of Scieces on February 3, 1851.Since Léon Foucault?s public demonstration of his pendulum experiment, it has played a prominent role in physics, physics education, and the history of science. The Foucault pendulum is a long pendulum suspended high above the ground and carefully set into planar motion. The phenomenon described by Foucault1 concerns the orientation of the plane of oscillation of the pendulum. "The experiment (with the pendulum) caused great exitement at the time. Heracleides had first suggested twenty-two centuries before that the earth was rotating and Copernicus had renewed the suggestion three centuries before. Since the time of Galileo two and a half centuries before, the world of scholarship had not doubted the matter. Nevertheless, all evidence as to that rotation had been indirect, and not until Foucault's experiment could the earth's rotation actually be said to have been demonstrated rather that deduced." (DSB).Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1851 E.…

Paris, Mallet-Bachelier, 1862. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l?Académie des sciences", Vol. 55, No 12 a. 21. Pp. 481--519 a. pp. 781-803. (Entire issues offered). With title-page to vol. 55. Foucault's papers: pp. 501-503 a. pp. 792-796. Clean and fine. First printing of Foucault's famous experiments on the velocity of light with the description of his improved equipment, the rotating mirror. Foucault's method was later developed by Michelson and Morley in their famous experiment in 1887."Foucault?s first experiment, carried out in 1850 and written up in full in his doctoral thesis of 1853, was purely comparative" he announced no numerical values until 1862. Then, with an improved apparatus, he was able to measure precisely the velocity of light in air. This result, significantly smaller than Fizeau?s of 1849, changed the accepted value of solar parallax and vindicated the higher value which Le Verrier had calculated from astronomical data. Foucault?s turning-mirror apparatus was the basis for the later determinations of the velocity of light by A. A. Michelson and Simon Newcomb."(DSB).Leon Foucault, used a similar method to Fizeau. He shone a light to a rotating mirror, then it bounced back to a remote fixed mirror and then back to the first rotating mirror. But because the first mirror was rotating, the light from the rotating mirror finally bounced back at an angle slightly different from the angle it initially hit the mirror with. By measuring this angle, it was possible to measure the speed of the light. Foucault continually increased the accuracy of this method over the years. His final measurement in 1862 determined that light traveled at 299,796 Km/s. Magee "A Source Book in Physics", p. 342 ff. and "Source Book in Astronomy", p. 282 ff.…

(Paris, Bachelier, 1851-52). 4to. Later blank wrapper. Extracted from "Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l?Académie des sciences", Vol. 32 and vol. 35. Foucault's papers: pp. 135-138 (1851, vol. 32), pp. 421-424 (1852, vol. 35), pp. 424-427 (1852, vol. 35), pp. 469-470 (1852, vol. 35) and p. 602 (1852, vol. 35). First appearance of the papers in which Foucault presented his discovery of the proof of the rotation of the earth by the large pendulum, called FOUCAULT'S PENDULUM. It was presented by Arago at the meeting of the Acadey of Scieces on February 3, 1851 (the first paper offered). In the third paper offered, "Sur les phénoménes d'orientation des corps tournant entraînés par un axe fixe.", Foucault presents his invention of the GYROSCOPE, a freely spinning flywheel, which constitutes a different method of demonstrating the rotation of the Earth" he furthermore correctly predicts the use of the gyroscope as a compass. The word "gyroscope" was coined by Foucault (on p. 427 of the third paper), taken from the Greek, meaning "to look at the rotation".Since Léon Foucault's public demonstration of his pendulum experiment, it has played a prominent role in physics, physics education, and the history of science. The Foucault pendulum is a long pendulum suspended high above the ground and carefully set into planar motion. The phenomenon described by Foucault1 concerns the orientation of the plane of oscillation of the pendulum. "The experiment (with the pendulum) caused great excitement at the time. Heracleides had first suggested twenty-two centuries before that the earth was rotating and Copernicus had renewed the suggestion three centuries before. Since the time of Galileo two and a half centuries before, the world of scholarship had not doubted the matter. Nevertheless, all evidence as to that rotation had been indirect, and not until Foucault's experiment could the earth's rotation actually be said to have been demonstrated rather that deduced." "Continuing to experiment on the mechanics of the earth's rotation, Foucault in 1852 invented the gyroscope, which, he showed, gave a clearer demonstration than the pendulum of the earth's rotation and had the property, similar to that of the magnetic needle, of maintaining a fixed direction. Foucault's pendulum and gyroscope had more than a popular significance (which continues to this day). First, they stimulated the development of theoretical mechanics, making relative motion and the theories of the pendulum and the gyroscope standard topics for study and investigation. Second, prior to Foucault's demonstrations the study of those motions on the earth's surface in which the deflecting force of rotation plays a prominent part (especially winds and ocean currents) was dominated by unphysical notions of how this force acted. Foucault's demonstrations and the theoretical treatments they inspired showed conclusively that this deflecting force acts in all horizontal directions, thus providing the sound physical insight on which Buys Ballot, Ferrel, Ulrich Vettin, and others could build. (DSB).PMM: 330 lists the offprint with the title "Sur Divers Signes Sensibles du Mouvement Diurne de la Terre" - Barchas Collection, 738 (the periodical version, but only the first paper) - Dibner, No. 17 (offprint version).…

Leather Bound. Condizione: New. Language: French. Language: French. Presenting an Exquisite Leather-Bound Edition, expertly crafted with Original Natural Leather that gracefully adorns the spine and corners. The allure continues with Golden Leaf Printing that adds a touch of elegance, while Hand Embossing on the rounded spine lends an artistic flair. This masterpiece has been meticulously reprinted in 2025, utilizing the invaluable guidance of the original edition published many years ago in 1859. The contents of this book are presented in classic black and white. Its durability is ensured through a meticulous sewing binding technique, enhancing its longevity. Imprinted on top-tier quality paper. A team of professionals has expertly processed each page, delicately preserving its content without alteration. Due to the vintage nature of these books, every page has been manually restored for legibility. However, in certain instances, occasional blurriness, missing segments, or faint black spots might persist. We sincerely hope for your understanding of the challenges we faced with these books. Recognizing their significance for readers seeking insight into our historical treasure, we've diligently restored and reissued them. Our intention is to offer this valuable resource once again. We eagerly await your feedback, hoping that you'll find it appealing and will generously share your thoughts and recommendations. Lang: - French, Pages:- 57, Print on Demand. If it is a multi-volume set, then it is only a single volume. We are specialised in Customisation of books, if you wish to opt different color leather binding, you may contact us. This service is chargeable. Product Disclaimer: Kindly be informed that, owing to the inherent nature of leather as a natural material, minor discolorations or textural variations may be perceptible. Explore the FOLIO EDITION (12x19 Inches): Available Upon Request. 57 57.…