john bardeen (51 risultati)

Hardcover. Condizione: Very Good. Connecting readers with great books since 1972! Used books may not include companion materials, and may have some shelf wear or limited writing. We ship orders daily and Customer Service is our top priority!

Hardcover. Condizione: Fair. No Jacket. Readable copy. Pages may have considerable notes/highlighting. ~ ThriftBooks: Read More, Spend Less.

Hardcover. Condizione: Near Fine. No Jacket. 1st Edition. Viii, 360 Pp. Red Cloth, Gilt. First Printing. Barely A Sign Of Wear, Spine Cloth A Little Faded But All Gilt Lettering Still Brilliant. Name Stamp Of Cal Tech Physicist Milton S. Plesset.

Soft cover. Condizione: Very Good. 1st Edition. Xii, 456 (The Reprints Are Pp. 102-456), + 1 Pp Comments And Corrections At Rear. Printed Wrappers. First Printing. Very Good, Light Usage, No Marks.

Soft cover. Condizione: Very Good. 1st Edition. 171-1423 Pp. Original Yellow Wrappers. Copy Of Jan Korringa, One Of The Authors Who Presented At This Conference; Not Marked As Such But With His Place Marker At His Article.

Soft cover. Condizione: Near Fine. 1st Edition. Entire Issue In Original Blue-Green Wrappers. Near Fine. Bardeen Was Nobel Laureate In 1956 And Again In 1972.

Hardcover. Condizione: New. In shrink wrap. Looks like an interesting title!

Soft cover. Condizione: Very Good Plus. 1st Edition. Lancaster, PA and New York: American Institute of Physics (for the American Physical Society), 1964. First Edition thus. Quarto, light blue printed adhered wraps, pp A 1471 through A 1774 for the series are in this volume.Very Good plus, really quite close to Near Fine; sharp condition. No interior markings. See scan for the rich contents of this issue, but superconducting and magneto-studies pieces dominate. J.M. Luttinger; John Bardeen (the only person to have won the Nobel Prize for Physics twice); Alexander L. Fetter; Miroslav Synek; Kyozi Kawasaki (Boltzmann Medal winner); Michael E. Fisher (Boltzmann Medal winner)(2 articles herein); Herbert B. Callen (Elliott Cresson Medal winner). L67.

Soft cover. Condizione: Fine. 1st Edition. 4 Pp And 2 Pp Covers Printed On One Sheet. Signed By Baardeen And Dated In 1977. Signed by Author(s).

First edition of the revolutionary transistor issue of The Bell System Technical Journal featuring the first account of the invention of the transistor, which ushered in the information age. Offered is the entire volume for 1949 (753 pages, complete with index), which also contains the July semiconductor issue dedicated to the semiconductor. Also included is Claude Shannon's Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems (pp. 656-715). New York: American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1949. Contemporary green buckram. X-Libris but with minimal markings. Pages clean and bright. Near fine copy. Brattain, Walter H. and John Bardeen. "Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action," Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action. WITH: The Theory of p-n Junctions in Semiconductors and p-n Junction Transistors. Et al. Walter H. Brattain, John Bardeen, 1949. "Surface Properties of Germanium," Bell System Technical Journal 32(1), pp. 239-277. Hamming, R. W. "Error detecting and error correcting codes," The Bell System Technical Journal. 29 (1950), pp. 147-160. Shannon C. E. "Prediction and entropy of printed English," The Bell System Technical Journal. 30 (1951), pp. 50-64. Clos, Charles. "A study of non-blocking switching networks." In The Bell System Technical Journal, volume 32 (1953), 406-424.

Soft cover. Condizione: Very Good. First Edition. 792 Pp. Grey Card Covers Printed In Black. First Printing. "The Material Included Herein Covers The Same Ground And Supplements The Talks Given At A Symposium On Transistors, Which Was Held At The Bell Telephone Laboratories During The Week Beginning September 17, 1951. Includes Reprints Of Important Shockley Papers Including The "The Theory Of P-N Junctions In Semiconductors And P-N Junction Transistors" From The 1949 Bell System Telephone Journal, And 33 Other Articles By Shockley And Others, Most Of Which Are First Published Here, Representing A Comprehensive Overview Of The Latest Developments In This Important Milestone In Electronics. Includes A Joint Article By Shockley And Sparks On P - N Transistor Junctions; The Junction Transistor, First Announced By Bell Labs In 1951, Was More Efficient And Consumed Far Less Power Than The Original 1947 Type, And Led To The Electronics Revolution In Small Devices; Sparks Was Later Directore Of Sandia Labs 1972-1981, And Was Involved In Plasma Research. (Note: No Articles Credited To Bardeen Or Brattain). Some Wear And Light Soiling To Covers, But All Lettering Clear On Front Cover And All Lettering Worn But Present On Spine. Internally A Clean Copy. Laid In Loosely Are Signed First Day Covers Commemorating Their Achievements, One Each Signed By Shockley, Brattain And Bardeen. Signed by Author(s).

AUTOGRAMMKARTE (blanko) mit Unterschrift signiert (dito : Blanko-Briefbogen mit Unterschrift , 4° für Euro 45,-).

Soft cover. Condizione: Near Fine. Bardeen, John. "Tunneling from a Many-Particle Point of View" in Physical Review Letters, volume 6 no. 2, 15 January 1961, American Physical Society. Significant paper (cited 3800+ times) from the double-Nobelist (1956 for the invention of the transistor with Walter Brattain and William Shockley; and 1972 for the development with Leon Cooper and J Robert Schrieffer of the Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity.) . Original wrappers. Original owner name in pen at top right corner from cover. Fine copy. "Bardeen has very recently pointed out, however, that in the case of a many-electron system, the tunnelling process is very conveniently regarded as in time-dependent perturbation theory. In other words, it is seen as a transition process from one set of nearly Stationary states to another."--Richard Prange, "Tunneling from a Many-Particle Point of View", University of Maryland, 1962.

LeatherBound. Condizione: NEW. BOOKS ARE EXEMPT FROM IMPORT DUTIES AND TARIFFS; NO EXTRA CHARGES APPLY. Leatherbound edition. Condition: New. Leather Binding on Spine and Corners with Golden leaf printing on spine. Bound in genuine leather with Satin ribbon page markers and Spine with raised gilt bands. Pages: 236. A perfect gift for your loved ones. Reprinted from 1957 edition. NO changes have been made to the original text. This is NOT a retyped or an ocr'd reprint. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in black and white. Each page is checked manually before printing. As this print on demand book is reprinted from a very old book, there could be some missing or flawed pages, but we always try to make the book as complete as possible. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was published in multiple volumes then this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. IF YOU WISH TO ORDER PARTICULAR VOLUME OR ALL THE VOLUMES YOU CAN CONTACT US. Resized as per current standards. Sewing binding for longer life, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of binding. Language: English Pages: 236.

Soft cover. Condizione: Good. John BARDEEN, Surface States and Rectification at a Metal Semi-Conductor Contact and WITH: FERMI, Enrico and L. Marshall. Interference Phenomena of Slow Neutrons in Physical Review, vol 71 number 10, 15 May 1947, pp 717-727 and pp 666-677 in the issue of p. 649-744. The issue has been cleanly extracted from a larger bound volume. GOOD copy. Fresh. [++] BARDEEN: "The earliest paper that seems to have a direct bearing on the development of the transistor which was followed by the two letters reporting verification of the predictions of the theory" [these located in Physical Review, 72, 845 (1947)].--George L. Trigg, "Landmark Experiments in Twentieth Century Physics", p 153, bibliography for the chapter on the transistor. (Fermi (Cited 342 times): the interference phenomena of slow neutrons, as studied by Enrico Fermi and others, relate to the wave-like behavior of neutrons and their interactions with matter.).

Soft cover. Condizione: Very Good. 1st Edition. DIRAC, P. A.M. "The Conditions for a Quantum Field Theory to be Relativistic": in Reviews of Modern Physics, vol 34 no. 4, October 1962. American Institute of Physics. Original wrappers. VG copy, in the original wrappers. The spine is coated with some sort of plastic-like substance that I think was place there to protect the paper spine, and it worked (the former owner was a long-time NBS scientist). It is a little shiny, otherwise this is a VG copy. __+__ The issue contains pp 587-892, with the Dirac on pp 592-596. Also includes papers by John Archibald Wheeler, Problems on the Frontiers between General Relativity and Differential Geometry; P. Jordan, Geophysical Consequences of Dirac's Hypothesis; Wesley E. Brittin and Willard R. Chappell, The Wigner Distribution Function and Second Quantization in Phase Space; Edward Teller, On the Stability of Molecules in the Thomas-Fermi Theory; John Bardeen, Critical Fields and Currents in Superconductors; C. N. Yang, Concept of Off-Diagonal Long-Range Order and the Quantum Phases of Liquid He and of Superconductors; V. Bargmann, On the Representations of the Rotation Group; A. S. Wightman, On the Localizability of Quantum Mechanical Systems. [+].

Soft cover. Condizione: Fine. BARDEEN, John. "Two-Fluid Model of Superconductivity", in Physical Review Letters, December 1, 1958, volume 1/11, pp 399-400, In the original wrappers. Owner's name at top right corner of the front wrapper. Fine copy. "The famous Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity, for which the Nobel prize was awarded in 1972, was announced in 1957, before the creation of Physical Review Letters. Many papers following up on that theory subsequently appeared in PRL. In this paper Bardeen raises the question of the oft-made comparison between superconductivity and the superfluidity of liquid helium 4. The phenomenological two fluid (normal and superfluid) model of helium 4 introduced by Fritz London was applied to superconducting electrons as well, but the BCS theory justification for this was not obvious. Bardeen here shows that there is a basis for that comparison, based on reasonable approximations."--American Physical Society website for PRL Milestone papers.

Soft cover. Condizione: Fine. Bardeen, John. "Surface States and Rectification at a Metal Semi-Conductor Contact", in the Physical Review, volume 71, number 10, 717-735 in the issue of pp 649-743 (1947). Original wrappers, original owner's surname on the front wrapper at upper left. Fine copy. __+__ "The earliest paper that seems to have a direct bearing on the development of the transistor.which was followed by the two letters reporting verification of the predictions of the theory." [these located in Physical Review, 72, 845 (1947)].--George L. Trigg, "Landmark Experiments in Twentieth Century Physics", p 153, bibliography for the chapter on the transistor.

Hardcover. Condizione: Near Fine. First Edition. First Edition. Hardcover. Includes: ? Shannon, ?The Synthesis of Two-Terminal Switching Circuits? [not in OOC]. ? Shannon, ?Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems? [not in OOC]. ? Bardeen & Brattain, ?Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action? [OOC 450]. ? Shockley, ?The Theory of p-n Junctions in Semiconductors and p-n Junction Transistors? [not in OOC].? Vol 28 is best known for No. 3, entirely devoted to the semiconductor/transistor. It includes articles by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley (jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for work on the subject). Other issues includes Claude E. Shannon's 'The Synthesis of Two-Terminal Switching Circuits', and Bardeen and Brattain's 'Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action'. However, it is worth noting that Shannon's "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", exploring cryptography as a function of information theory is monumental for modern crypto theory. It is "one of the foundation treatments (arguably THE foundational treatment) of modern cryptography. It is also a proof that all theoretically unbreakable ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad [a secret random key used only once]" [Wikipedia] N.B. Shannon published an earlier iteration of this research in the classified report, "A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography (Memorandum MM 45-110-02, Bell Laboratory, 1945). [Shannon, Collected Papers, no. 25.40610]. Minimal shelf/edge wear, else tight, bright, and unmarred. Blue cloth boards, gilt lettering. 8vo. 753pp. Illus. (b/w plates).

Hardcover. First edition. THE INVENTION OF THE TRANSISTOR. First edition, journal issue in original printed wrappers, of the first comprehensive report on the transistor, one of the most important inventions of the 20th Century. ?In the 1930s, Bell Labs scientists were trying to use ultrahigh frequency waves for telephone communications, and needed a more reliable detection method than the vacuum tube, which proved incapable of picking up rapid vibrations . John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley spearheaded the Bell Labs effort to develop a new means of amplification,? developing, by 1948, a novel device that would effectively amplify and control electric signals. ?At roughly half an inch high, the first transistor was huge by today's standards, when 7 million transistors can fit onto a single silicon chip. But it was the very first solid state device capable of doing the amplification work of a vacuum tube, earning Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. More significantly, it spawned an entire industry and ushered in the Information Age, revolutionizing global society? (The American Physical Society). The invention of the transistor was first announced in three short letters by Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley, and Pearson, in The Physical Review (July 1948). The following year Bardeen and Brattain published the more comprehensive report ?Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action? This paper was simultaneously published, the same month, in The Physical Review and The Bell System Technical Journal. Offered here is the Bell printing [no priority established]. In 1956 Bardeen and Brattain shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with William Shockley ?for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect? In 1972 Bardeen again received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the development of the theory of superconductivity (BCS-theory), and thus became the only person, until this day, to receive the Nobel Prize more than once in the same field. Provenance: Regnar Holfrid Svensson (1910-90), Swedish engineer and inventor (signature to front wrapper). ?The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, but Lilienfeld published no research articles about his devices, and his work was ignored by industry. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor. There is no direct evidence that these devices were built, but later work in the 1990s show that one of Lilienfeld?s designs worked as described and gave substantial gain. Legal papers from the Bell Labs patent show that William Shockley and a co-worker at Bell Labs, Gerald Pearson, had built operational versions from Lilienfeld?s patents, yet they never referenced this work in any of their later research papers or historical articles. ?The Bell Labs work on the transistor emerged from war-time efforts to produce extremely pure germanium ?crystal? mixer diodes, used in radar units as a frequency mixer element in microwave radar receivers. UK researchers had produced models using a tungsten filament on a germanium disk, but these were difficult to manufacture and not particularly robust. Bell?s version was a single-crystal design that was both smaller and completely solid. A parallel project on germanium diodes at Purdue University succeeded in producing the good-quality germanium semiconducting crystals that were used at Bell Labs. Early tube-based circuits did not switch fast enough for this role, leading the Bell team to use solid-state diodes instead. After the war, Shockley decided to attempt the building of a triode-like semiconductor device. He secured funding and lab space, and went to work on the problem with Bardeen and Brattain. John Bardeen eventually developed a new branch of quantum mechanics known as surface physics to account for the ?odd? behavior they saw, and Bardeen and Walter Brattain eventually succeeded in building a working device. ?The key to the development of the transistor was the further understanding of the process of the electron mobility in a semiconductor. It was realized that if there was some way to control the flow of the electrons from the emitter to the collector of this newly discovered diode (discovered 1874; patented 1906), one could build an amplifier. For instance, if one placed contacts on either side of a single type of crystal, the current would not flow through it. However, if a third contact could then ?inject? electrons or holes into the material, the current would flow. ?Actually doing this appeared to be very difficult. If the crystal were of any reasonable size, the number of electrons (or holes) required to be injected would have to be very large, making it less useful as an amplifier because it would require a large injection current to start with. That said, the whole idea of the crystal diode was that the crystal itself could provide the electrons over a very small distance, the depletion region. The key appeared to be to place the input and output contacts very close together on the surface of the crystal on either side of this region. ?Brattain started working on building such a device, and tantalizing hints of amplification continued to appear as the team worked on the problem. Sometimes the system would work, but then stop working unexpectedly. In one instance a non-working system started working when placed in water. The electrons in any one piece of the crystal would migrate about due to nearby charges. Electrons in the emitters, or the ?holes? in the collectors, would cluster at the surface of the crystal, where they could find their opposite charge ?floating around? in the air (or water). Yet they could be pushed away from the surface with the application of a small amount of charge from any other location on the crystal. Instead of needing a large supply of injected electrons, a very small number in th.

Hardcover. Condizione: Fine. 1st Edition. FIRST EDITION of two landmark journals documenting the revolutionary invention of the transistor: the April 1949 issue of The Bell System Technical Journal containing the first description of the invention (published simultaneously in The Physical Review), and the famous July 1949 "Semiconductor Issue" dedicated entirely to the discuss of the transistor and semiconductor devices. The entire 1949 volume offered. "In the 1930s, Bell Labs scientists were trying to use ultrahigh frequency waves for telephone communications, and needed a more reliable detection method than the vacuum tube, which proved incapable of picking up rapid vibrations. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley spearheaded the Bell Labs effort to develop a new means of amplification," developing, by 1948, a novel device that would effectively amplify and control electric signals. "At roughly half an inch high, the first transistor was huge by today's standards, when 7 million transistors can fit onto a single silicon chip. But it was the very first solid state device capable of doing the amplification work of a vacuum tube, earning Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. More significantly, it spawned an entire industry and ushered in the Information Age, revolutionizing global society" (The American Physical Society). The 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". Also included is Claude Shannon's Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems (pp. 656-715). BARDEEN, J., and BRATTAIN, W. H. Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action. In The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2, April 1949 (pp. 239-277). WITH: BARDEEN, J., and BRATTAIN, W.H., and SHOCKLEY, W., et al. The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3. July, 1949. New York: American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1949. Octavo, contemporary blue buckram. The whole volume with all the issues for 1949 (753 pages, complete with contents and index). Fine copy.

Quer-32mo. Er ist der einzige zweifache Preisträger in dieser Kategorie und einer von fünf Menschen, die den Nobelpreis zweimal erhielten.

LeatherBound. Condizione: NEW. BOOKS ARE EXEMPT FROM IMPORT DUTIES AND TARIFFS; NO EXTRA CHARGES APPLY. Leatherbound edition. Condition: New. Leather Binding on Spine and Corners with Golden leaf printing on spine. Bound in genuine leather with Satin ribbon page markers and Spine with raised gilt bands. Pages: 502. A perfect gift for your loved ones. Reprinted from 1960 edition. NO changes have been made to the original text. This is NOT a retyped or an ocr'd reprint. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in black and white. Each page is checked manually before printing. As this print on demand book is reprinted from a very old book, there could be some missing or flawed pages, but we always try to make the book as complete as possible. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was published in multiple volumes then this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. IF YOU WISH TO ORDER PARTICULAR VOLUME OR ALL THE VOLUMES YOU CAN CONTACT US. Resized as per current standards. Sewing binding for longer life, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of binding. Language: English Pages: 502.

No Binding. Condizione: Fine. Original Photograph. Signature. Mounted With 12 Cm. By 8 1/.2 Cm, Photograph Of John Bardeen Mounted In Mat Board. Signed by Author(s).

Condizione: Very Good. pp. 495-770; softcover, spine has been professionally rebacked, a hand stamps to the title page else text clean & binding tight. - If you are reading this, this item is actually (physically) in our stock and ready for shipment once ordered. We are not bookjackers. Buyer is responsible for any additional duties, taxes, or fees required by recipient's country. Photos available upon request.

(New York), American physical Society, 1961. Lex8vo. Volume 6, No. 2, January 15, 1961 of "Physical Review Letters", entire volume offered. In the original printed blue wrappers. Back wrapper has some scratches and minor sunning. Otherwise a very nice and clean copy externally as well as internally. Pp. 57-9. [Entire issue: Pp. 47-84]. First printing of Bardeen's paper in which he discusses Tunneling from a many-particle point of view after Giaever (see link below), Nicol, Shapiro and Smith observed the tunneling current flowing between two metals separated by a thin oxide layer. In 1956 Bardeen and Brattain shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with William Shockley "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". In 1972 Bardeen again received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the development of the theory of superconductivity (BCS-theory), and thus became the only person, until this day, to receive the Nobel Prize more than once in the same field.

147:105 mm. Portrait en face in S/W bei einem Nobelpreis-Treffen in Lindau (so auf einer beiliegenden Beschreibung vermerkt). John Bardeen ist neben Frederick Sanger der einzige Nobelpreisträger, der bislang zweimal in ein und derselben Disziplin ausgezeichnet wurde: 1956 wurde er zusammen mit William B. Shockley und Walter H. Brattain mit dem Physiknobelpreis ausgezeichnet für ihre Untersuchungen über Halbleiter und ihre Entdeckung des Transistoreffekts"; 1972 erhielt er zusammen mit Leon Neil Cooper und John Robert Schrieffer einen halben Nobelpreis für ihre gemeinsam entwickelte Theorie des Supraleitungsphänomens, auch BCS-Theorie (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer Theorie) genannt"; die andere Hälfte war an Dennis Gábor für seine Erfindung und Entwicklung der holographischen Methode" ergangen.

1st Edition. Bound full volume. FIRST EDITIONS OF 3 IMPORTANT PAPERS: (1) Bardeen, Cooper, & Schrieffer first announced their â??BCS theory of superconductivity' in a letter included in this volume; the letter presents many of their key ideas. Their theory describes superconductivity as a microscopic effect caused by a quantum mechanical "condensation" of pairs of electrons into a boson-like state. In 1972 they received the Nobel Prize for their theory. (2 and 3) Gell-Mann and Brueckner show that random phase approximation is derivable from summing a series of Feynman diagrams. Though debated upon publication, this work proved " a seminal result. [and] is often considered to be the first major accomplishment of modern quantum many-particle theory and has been an inspiration for the entire field" (Wikipedia). BARDEEN, COOPER, SCHRIEFFER: The â??BCS theory of superconductivity' provided the first theoretical framework that "explained the known phenomena of superconductivity" (Brandt, 364). In describing superconductivity on the microscopic scale., Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer "accounted for more than 30 years of experimental results that had stymied some of the greatest theorists in physics" (Wikipedia). "BCS theory explains most of the phenomena associated with superconductivity in a natural manner. This theory involves the electron interaction through phonon as mediators. The main idea behind the BCS theory is the experimental results of the two effects, namely, isotope effect and variation of specific heat with temperature" (Rajendran, Materials Science, 12.4). Increasingly, quantum and condensed matter physicists work together on a spectrum of quantum information processing, quantum statistical mechanics, and condensed matter physics. This new frontier takes into account not simply understanding how systems work, but also how to design and control physical systems to function as desired. Common threads run through both experimental and theoretical research including: coherent control and many-body dynamics of complex quantum systems; dynamics of open quantum systems, quantum decoherence and quantum measurements; and hybrid quantum device architectures. GELL-MANN & BRUECKNER: 1st edition of a "famous paper" in which Gell-Mann and Brueckner applied new techniques to high density gases, publishing "their calculation of the ground-state energy of the interacting electron gas in the high-density limit" in this paper (Joas, Quantum History). Presenting a detailed calculation for the ground state energy of the interacting electron gas in the high density limit, this work (and another by Goldstone) represents "the earliest example.of the application of Feynman-type diagrammatic methods in condensed-matter theory" (ibid). "The consistency in [Gell-Mann & Brueckner's] results became an important justification and motivated a very strong growth in theoretical physics in the late 50's and 60's" (IPFS, RPA). GELL-MANN: 1st edition by Gell-Mann alone generalizes the methods he and Brueckner developed "so that not only the ground state but also the low excited states of an electron gas can be discussed"; he also applies the new quantum field theoretical methods and calculates the specific heat of the high-density homogeneous electron gas" (Gell-Mann, 1957). NOTE: We separately offer the Gell-Mann & Brueckner paper, and the second paper by Gell-Mann alone in a single issue in original wraps. CONDITION & DETAILS: Complete volume 4to. 10.5 x 8 inches. Small repair at the foot of the title page, front and back, difficult to spot. Very solidly bound in black cloth, gilt-lettered at the spine. Bright and clean inside and out. Near fine condition.

First edition. First Comprehensive Report on the Transistor, with Shannon's Foundation of Modern Cryptography (1) Bardeen, John (1908-91) and Brattain, Walter (1902-87). Physical principles involved in transistor action. In Bell System Technical Journal 28, no. 2 (April 1949): 239-77. (2) Shockley, William (1910-89). The theory of p-n junctions in semiconductors and p-n junction transistors. In ibid.: 435-89. (3) Shannon, Claude (1916-2001). Communication theory of secrecy systems. In ibid.: 656-715. Whole volume. iv, 753, [1], v-viii pp. Illustrated. 221 x 148 mm. Library buckram. Very good. Library stamps and label on endpapers. (1) First Editions. No. (1), Bardeen and Brattain's paper, is the first comprehensive report on the point-contact transistor, created in December 1947 and announced in three brief papers published in the Physical Review in 1948. The transistor gradually replaced the bulkier vacuum tube, allowing heat reduction and miniaturization of electronic devices. Transistors began to be employed on a large scale in computer manufacturing in the late 1950s; they were eventually miniaturized and incorporated into microprocessors. Bardeen and Brattain shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics with William Shockley (see below) for their investigations of semiconductors (the materials of which transistors are made) and for their discovery of the transistor. Origins of Cyberspace 450. No. (2) is a detailed account of the junction transistor invented by Shockley shortly after Bardeen and Brattain's invention of the point-contact transistor. Shockley's design marked a substantial improvement over the point-contact transistor, whose "delicate mechanical configuration would be difficult to manufacture in high volume with sufficient reliability" (Computer History Museum, "The silicon engine: A timeline of semiconductors in computers" [internet reference]). Shockley disagreed with Bardeen and Brattain's explanation of how the transistor worked, claiming that "positively charged holes could also penetrate through the bulk germanium material-not only trickle along a surface layer. Called 'minority carrier injection,' this phenomenon was crucial to operation of his junction transistor, a three-layer sandwich of n-type and p-type semiconductors separated by p-n junctions. This is how all 'bipolar' junction transistors work today" (ibid.). Bell Laboratories began manufacturing junction transistors in quantity in 1951; they dominated the market for many years. Magill, Nobel Prize Winners: Physics, pp. 675-704. No. (3), Shannon's discussion of cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory, "is one of the foundational treatments (arguably the foundational treatment) of modern cryptography. It is also a proof that all theoretically unbreakable ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad [a secret random key used only once]" (Wikipedia). Shannon published an earlier version of his cryptography research in the classified report A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography (Memorandum MM 45-110-02, Bell Laboratories, Sept. 1, 1945). Shannon, Collected Papers, no. 25. .

New York: Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1949. 8vo. The entire April issue in original printed wrappers offered. Spine strips with some wear. Small rubberstamp on front wrapper. Otherwise fine. First edition. The first comprehensive report to describe the transistor - one of the most important inventions of the 20th Century. The invention of the transistor was first announced in three short letters by Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley, and Pearson, in The Physical Review (Number 2 Volume 74, 1948). The following year Bardeen and Brattain published the more comprehensive report "Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action" [as offered here]. This paper was simultaneously published, the same month, in The Physical Review (Number 8 volume 75). In 1956 Bardeen and Brattain shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with William Shockley "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". In 1972 Bardeen again received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the development of the theory of superconductivity (BCS-theory), and thus became the only person, until this day, to receive the Nobel Prize more than once in the same field. Hook & Norman: Origins of Cyberspace, No. 450.