Mark baskin (24 risultati)

- Rilegato
Da: Better World Books Ltd, Dunfermline, Regno UnitoBetter World Books Ltd
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Usato - Buono
EUR 6,66
EUR 5,80 spedizioneSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Condizione: Good. Former library copy. Pages intact with minimal writing/highlighting. The binding may be loose and creased. Dust jackets/supplements are not included. Includes library markings. Stock photo provided. Product includes identifying sticker. Better World Books: Buy Books. Do Good.

- Rilegato
Da: WorldofBooks, Goring-By-Sea, WS, Regno UnitoWorldofBooks
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Usato - Molto buono
EUR 6,36
EUR 6,50 spedizioneSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: 3 disponibili
Hardback. Condizione: Very Good. The book has been read, but is in excellent condition. Pages are intact and not marred by notes or highlighting. The spine remains undamaged.

The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Postcommunism in Eastern Europe
Taras, Raymond, Ed.; James P. Scanlan, Ferenc Feher, Leslie Holmes, Raymond Taras, James Satterwhite, Vladimir Tismaneanu, Mark Baskin and Oskar Gruenwald
- Rilegato
Da: Windows Booksellers, Eugene, OR, U.S.A.Windows Booksellers
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Usato
EUR 18,10
EUR 6,59 spedizioneSpedito in U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Hardcover, no dust jacket. Ink underlining and markings throughout. Slightly edge worn boards. 206 pp.
Altre immagini- Rilegato
Da: Aeon Bookstore, New York, NY, U.S.A.Aeon Bookstore
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Usato - Molto buono
EUR 45,26
EUR 4,39 spedizioneSpedito in U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Hardcover. Condizione: Very Good. Condizione sovraccoperta: Very Good. An excellent copy of this on Judaism in practice, which is one book in the series "Princeton Readings in Religion." Binding is solid, sturdy, and square. Interior is crisp, clean, and free of marks. Dust jacket has some light overall scuffing, and is a little… worn along the top and bottom edges. Front cover has two small marks at the top near the spine. DJ is now protected in brodart. Overall a great copy of this text.

Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated 2014
- Rilegato
Da: Books Puddle, New York, NY, U.S.A.Books Puddle
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 4 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 66,26
EUR 3,51 spedizioneSpedito in U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Condizione: New. pp. 286.

Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated 2014
- Rilegato
Da: Majestic Books, Hounslow, Regno UnitoMajestic Books
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 4 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 64,57
EUR 7,54 spedizioneSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Condizione: New. pp. 286.

- Brossura
Da: moluna, Greven, Germaniamoluna
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 21,46
EUR 48,99 spedizioneSpedito da Germania a U.S.A.Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
Condizione: New.

- Brossura
Da: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, GermaniaAHA-BUCH GmbH
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 25,23
EUR 60,61 spedizioneSpedito da Germania a U.S.A.Quantità: 2 disponibili
Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware.

- Rilegato
Da: Basi6 International, Irving, TX, U.S.A.Basi6 International
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 102,19
Spedizione gratuitaSpedito in U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Condizione: Brand New. New. US edition. Expediting shipping for all USA and Europe orders excluding PO Box. Excellent Customer Service.

- Rilegato
- Edizione Internazionale
Da: UK BOOKS STORE, London, LONDO, Regno UnitoUK BOOKS STORE
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleEdizione InternazionaleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 146,57
EUR 3,47 spedizioneSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Condizione: New. Brand New! Fast Delivery This is an International Edition and ship within 24-48 hours. Deliver by FedEx and Dhl, & Aramex, UPS, & USPS and we do accept APO and PO BOX Addresses. Order can be delivered worldwide within 6-10 days and we do have flat rate for up to 2LB. Extra shipping charges will be requested if t…he Book weight is more than 5 LB. This Item May be shipped from India, United states & United Kingdom. Depending on your location and availability.

- Rilegato
Da: Ria Christie Collections, Uxbridge, Regno UnitoRia Christie Collections
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 140,23
EUR 13,90 spedizioneSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
Condizione: New. In.

- Rilegato
Da: Rarewaves.com USA, London, LONDO, Regno UnitoRarewaves.com USA
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 177,23
Spedizione gratuitaSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
Hardback. Condizione: New. This book explores the increasing use of Constituency Development Funds (CDFs) in emerging democratic governments in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Oceania. CDFs dedicate public money to benefit parliamentary constituencies through allocations and/or spending decisions influenced by Members of Parlia…ment (MPs). The contributors employ the term CDF as a generic term although such funds have a different names, such as electoral development funds (Papua New Guinea), constituency development catalyst funds (Tanzania), or Member of Parliament Local Area Development Fund (India), etc. In some ways, the funds resemble the ad hoc pork barrel policy-making employed in the U.S. Congress for the past 200 years. However, unlike earmarks, CDFs generally become institutionalized in the government's annual budget and are distributed according to different criteria in each country. They enable MPs to influence programs in their constituencies that finance education, and build bridges, roads, community centers, clinics and schools. In this sense, a CDF is a politicized form of spending that can help fill in the important gaps in government services in constituencies that have not been addressed in the government's larger, comprehensive policy programs. This first comprehensive treatment of CDFs in the academic and development literatures emerges from a project at the State University of New York Center for International Development. This project has explored CDFs in 19 countries and has developed indicators on their emergence, operations, and oversight. The contributors provide detailed case studies of the emergence and operations of CDFs in Kenya, Uganda, Jamaica, and India, as well as an analysis of earmarks in the U.S. Congress, and a broader analysis of the emergence of the funds in Africa. They cover the emergence, institutionalization, and accountability of these funds; analyze key issues in their operations; and offer provisional conclusions of what the emergence and operations of these funds say about the democratization of politics in developing countries and current approaches to international support for democratic governance in developing countries.

- Rilegato
Da: Revaluation Books, Exeter, Regno UnitoRevaluation Books
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 211,75
EUR 14,50 spedizioneSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: 2 disponibili
Hardcover. Condizione: Brand New. 265 pages. 9.00x6.25x1.00 inches. In Stock.

- Rilegato
Da: Rarewaves.com UK, London, Regno UnitoRarewaves.com UK
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 167,55
EUR 75,40 spedizioneSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
Hardback. Condizione: New. This book explores the increasing use of Constituency Development Funds (CDFs) in emerging democratic governments in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Oceania. CDFs dedicate public money to benefit parliamentary constituencies through allocations and/or spending decisions influenced by Members of Parlia…ment (MPs). The contributors employ the term CDF as a generic term although such funds have a different names, such as electoral development funds (Papua New Guinea), constituency development catalyst funds (Tanzania), or Member of Parliament Local Area Development Fund (India), etc. In some ways, the funds resemble the ad hoc pork barrel policy-making employed in the U.S. Congress for the past 200 years. However, unlike earmarks, CDFs generally become institutionalized in the government's annual budget and are distributed according to different criteria in each country. They enable MPs to influence programs in their constituencies that finance education, and build bridges, roads, community centers, clinics and schools. In this sense, a CDF is a politicized form of spending that can help fill in the important gaps in government services in constituencies that have not been addressed in the government's larger, comprehensive policy programs. This first comprehensive treatment of CDFs in the academic and development literatures emerges from a project at the State University of New York Center for International Development. This project has explored CDFs in 19 countries and has developed indicators on their emergence, operations, and oversight. The contributors provide detailed case studies of the emergence and operations of CDFs in Kenya, Uganda, Jamaica, and India, as well as an analysis of earmarks in the U.S. Congress, and a broader analysis of the emergence of the funds in Africa. They cover the emergence, institutionalization, and accountability of these funds; analyze key issues in their operations; and offer provisional conclusions of what the emergence and operations of these funds say about the democratization of politics in developing countries and current approaches to international support for democratic governance in developing countries.

Editore: Moscow 1975
- Rilegato
Da: BiblioEra, Everett, MA, U.S.A.BiblioEra
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 2 stelleCondizione: Usato - Buono
EUR 180,12
EUR 8,78 spedizioneSpedito in U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Hardcover. Condizione: Good. In Russian. Baskin, Mark Petrovich. Montesquieu. Moscow: Thought, 1975. All images are for identification of editions only. Several books of the same edition may be available. Please feel free to request photos of available books.SKU6908541.
Altre immaginiEditore: 21st Edition, South Dennis, Massachusetts 1998
- Rilegato
- Prima edizione
- Firmato
Da: Assaf Books and Art, Palmdale, CA, U.S.A.Assaf Books and Art
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 26.700,60
EUR 17,57 spedizioneSpedito in U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Hardcover. Condizione: New. Condizione sovraccoperta: No Dust Jacket as Issued. 1st Edition. Museum edition, six separate books, with 75 free standing prints. 21st Editions released 6 volumes of The Journal of Contemporary Photography (from 1998 to 2003). Each volume of this museum edition features images from many of the world'…s most highly respected contemporary photographers and criticism, poetry, and fiction from many of the world's most acclaimed writers. The Museum Editions contain original hand-pulled photogravures and color planographs (waterless lithographs) that illuminate the essays and commentaries found in each book. The Museum Editions are bound in Moroccan goatskin, Japanese silks and Italian fabrics, and are cased in a matching portfolio box. They are fully signed on the limitation page by the artists included in each volume. Each book measures approximately 15.25 x 13.75 inches and the clamshell box measures approximately 16.875 x 14.75 inches. In addition, The Museum Editions are accompanied by a portfolio that includes an additional set of unbound, individually signed photogravures and planographs, allowing the collector the opportunity to frame and display all the fine prints included in each volume. The six volumes are: Volume 1 - EditionXIV/L (14 of 50). The book is signed by the following artists whose work is featured in the book: Bernard Faucon, Michael Kenna, Holly Wright, Luis Gonzales Palma, Keith Carter, Duane Michaels, Steven Albahari, Mark Klett, Sandy Skoglund, Jock Sturgis, Ernestine Ruben, Willie Middlebrook, John Metoyer, Olivia Parker, Leonard Baskin, and Patrick Bailey-Maitre-Grand. The matching portfolio contains 16 fully signed, free-standing photogravures and woodcut. Volume 2 - Edition XXVII/L (27 of 50). The book is signed by the following artists whose work is featured in the book: Adam Fuss, Jaume Blassi, Bill Jacobson, Joyce Tenneson, Kenro Izu, Vik Muniz, Cy DeCosse, John Dugdale, Tom Baril, Joan Fonteuberta, Arthur Tress, Robert ParkeHarrison, and Sheila Metzner. The matching portfolio contains 15 fully signed, free-standing photogravures. Volume 3 - Edition XXXVII/L (37 of 50). Signed by John Dugdale and features the following: Annunciation, Christ Out Liberator, The Clandestine Mind, I Could Not See To See, Longing, Mourning Tulips, Wonder Stings Me More Than Bee, and Three White Peaches. The matching portfolio contains 7 fully signed, free-standing photogravures. Volume 4 - EditionXXX/L (30 of 50). Signed by Cy Decosse and features the following: King of the Night, Sunflower, Fritillaria, Cultered Pearl, Squash, Flowers & Dill, Water Lilly, Tuscan Lemons, and Queen of the Night. The matching portfolio contains 7 fully signed, free-standing photogravures. Volume 5 - Edition XXIV/L (24 of 50). Signed by the following artists whose work is featured in the book: Sally Mann, Michal Macku, Connie Imboden, Vincent Serbin, Sheila Metzner, Andrea Modica, Josephine Sacabo, John Metoyer, David Levinthal, Stephen Berkman, Kelly Grider, Keith Carter, Christopher Pekoe, and Don Gregorio Anton. The matching portfolio contains 14 fully signed, free-standing photogravures. Volume 6 - Edition XIVI/L (14 of 50). Signed by the following artists whose work is featured in the book: S. J. Staniski, Carol Munder, Toni Catany, Brigitte Carnochan, Wouter Deruytter, Robert Stivers, Don Hong Oai, Jayne Hinds Bidaut, Ariane Lopez-Huici, Tony Catany, Christopher Bucklow, Flor Garduno, Greg Gorman, Dimitris Yeros, Jerry Spagnoli, and Phillip Trager. Volume 6 comes with an additional signed and numbered book (3 total pieces as published). The matching portfolio contains 16 fully signed, free-standing photogravures. The books and clamshell boxes are in MINT condition and are still housed in the cardboard shipping cartons. Images of the actual book will be provided upon request. Signed by Author(s).
Altre immaginiLingua: Tedesco
Editore: Leo & Wolfe Photography, Inc. and 21st Editions, South Dennis, Massachusetts, Brewster, Massachusetts 1998
- Rilegato
- Prima edizione
- Firmato
Da: Vincent Borrelli, Bookseller, Albuquerque, NM, U.S.A.Vincent Borrelli, Bookseller
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 4525,52
EUR 8,79 spedizioneSpedito in U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Hardcover. Condizione: New. Condizione sovraccoperta: No dust jacket as issued. 1st Edition. Please inquire about pricing. First edition, first printing Limited edition of 235 signed and numbered copies (this being copy number 95). Signed in pencil on the limitation page by Bernard Faucon, Michael Kenna, Luis González Palma, Kei…th Carter, Holly Wright, Sandy Skoglund, Mark Klett, Jock Sturges, Duane Michals, Ernestine Rubin, Patrick Mailly-Maître-Grand, Willie Middlebrook, John Metoyer, Olivia Parker, Steven Albahari and Leonard Baskin. Hardcover. Fine black Japanese silk-covered boards with title stamped in black on cover, with burgundy quarter Morocco goatskin binding, no dust jacket as issued. The book is contained in a handmade black Japanese silk cloth-covered basswood clamshell box. 218 pp., with 15 hand-pulled bound photogravures by Jon Goodman Photogravure, one bound woodcut and 32 tritone plates exquisitely printed on Mohawk Superfine matte art paper by The Stinehour Press, Lunenburg, Vermont. Book measures 15-1/4 x 13-3/4 inches, clamshell box is 16-7/8 x 14-3/4 inches. New (a Mint flawless copy). Hand-pulled bound photogravures by Bernard Faucon, Michael Kenna, Luis González Palma, Keith Carter, Holly Wright, Sandy Skoglund, Mark Klett, Jock Sturges, Duane Michals, Ernestine Rubin, Patrick Mailly-Maître-Grand, Willie Middlebrook, John Metoyer, Olivia Parker and Steven Albahari, and one original bound woodblock print by Leonard Baskin. Essays by John Wood, Steven Albahari, Leonard Baskin, Frederick Turner, Jahn Stauffer, John Bennette, Christopher Mahoney, John Stilgoe, A.D. Coleman, Anne Wilkes Tucker, Paul Zimmer, Duane Michals, Robert Olen Butler, Amy Fleury, Ann Beattie, Daile Kaplan, Dana Gioia, Thomas W. Southall, Rixon Reed, John Stevenson, Denise Bethel and Lance Speer. Poems by Richard Wilbur, Morri Creech, Raúl Peschiera, Kevin Meaux and R. S. Thomas. Conversation with Holly Wright by Ann Beattie. Includes notes on the contributors. Designed by Paul McMenamin. Signed by Author.

- Rilegato
- Print on Demand
Da: PBShop.store UK, Fairford, GLOS, Regno UnitoPBShop.store UK
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 142,56
EUR 6,81 spedizioneSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
HRD. Condizione: New. New Book. Delivered from our UK warehouse in 4 to 14 business days. THIS BOOK IS PRINTED ON DEMAND. Established seller since 2000.

- Rilegato
- Print on Demand
Da: PBShop.store US, Wood Dale, IL, U.S.A.PBShop.store US
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 149,96
Spedizione gratuitaSpedito in U.S.A.Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
HRD. Condizione: New. New Book. Shipped from UK. THIS BOOK IS PRINTED ON DEMAND. Established seller since 2000.

- Rilegato
- Print on Demand
Da: Grand Eagle Retail, Bensenville, IL, U.S.A.Grand Eagle Retail
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 171,20
Spedizione gratuitaSpedito in U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Hardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. This book explores the increasing use of Constituency Development Funds (CDFs) in emerging democratic governments in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Oceania. CDFs dedicate public money to benefit parliamentary constituencies through allocations and/or spending decisions influenced by Membe…rs of Parliament (MPs). The contributors employ the term CDF as a generic term although such funds have a different names, such as electoral development funds (Papua New Guinea), constituency development catalyst funds (Tanzania), or Member of Parliament Local Area Development Fund (India), etc. In some ways, the funds resemble the ad hoc pork barrel policy-making employed in the U.S. Congress for the past 200 years. However, unlike earmarks, CDFs generally become institutionalized in the governments annual budget and are distributed according to different criteria in each country. They enable MPs to influence programs in their constituencies that finance education, and build bridges, roads, community centers, clinics and schools. In this sense, a CDF is a politicized form of spending that can help fill in the important gaps in government services in constituencies that have not been addressed in the governments larger, comprehensive policy programs. This first comprehensive treatment of CDFs in the academic and development literatures emerges from a project at the State University of New York Center for International Development. This project has explored CDFs in 19 countries and has developed indicators on their emergence, operations, and oversight. The contributors provide detailed case studies of the emergence and operations of CDFs in Kenya, Uganda, Jamaica, and India, as well as an analysis of earmarks in the U.S. Congress, and a broader analysis of the emergence of the funds in Africa. They cover the emergence, institutionalization, and accountability of these funds; analyze key issues in their operations; and offer provisional conclusions of what the emergence and operations of these funds say about the democratization of politics in developing countries and current approaches to international support for democratic governance in developing countries. This book explores the dynamics of distributive politics in developing democracies via a series of case studies of an emerging spending mechanismconstituency development funds (CDFs). It is germane to students of legislative studies, international development, comparative politics, and democratization. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

- Rilegato
- Print on Demand
Da: THE SAINT BOOKSTORE, Southport, Regno UnitoTHE SAINT BOOKSTORE
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 166,21
EUR 19,52 spedizioneSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
Hardback. Condizione: New. This item is printed on demand. New copy - Usually dispatched within 5-9 working days.

- Rilegato
- Print on Demand
Da: CitiRetail, Stevenage, Regno UnitoCitiRetail
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 150,53
EUR 42,92 spedizioneSpedito da Regno Unito a U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Hardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. This book explores the increasing use of Constituency Development Funds (CDFs) in emerging democratic governments in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Oceania. CDFs dedicate public money to benefit parliamentary constituencies through allocations and/or spending decisions influenced by Membe…rs of Parliament (MPs). The contributors employ the term CDF as a generic term although such funds have a different names, such as electoral development funds (Papua New Guinea), constituency development catalyst funds (Tanzania), or Member of Parliament Local Area Development Fund (India), etc. In some ways, the funds resemble the ad hoc pork barrel policy-making employed in the U.S. Congress for the past 200 years. However, unlike earmarks, CDFs generally become institutionalized in the governments annual budget and are distributed according to different criteria in each country. They enable MPs to influence programs in their constituencies that finance education, and build bridges, roads, community centers, clinics and schools. In this sense, a CDF is a politicized form of spending that can help fill in the important gaps in government services in constituencies that have not been addressed in the governments larger, comprehensive policy programs. This first comprehensive treatment of CDFs in the academic and development literatures emerges from a project at the State University of New York Center for International Development. This project has explored CDFs in 19 countries and has developed indicators on their emergence, operations, and oversight. The contributors provide detailed case studies of the emergence and operations of CDFs in Kenya, Uganda, Jamaica, and India, as well as an analysis of earmarks in the U.S. Congress, and a broader analysis of the emergence of the funds in Africa. They cover the emergence, institutionalization, and accountability of these funds; analyze key issues in their operations; and offer provisional conclusions of what the emergence and operations of these funds say about the democratization of politics in developing countries and current approaches to international support for democratic governance in developing countries. This book explores the dynamics of distributive politics in developing democracies via a series of case studies of an emerging spending mechanismconstituency development funds (CDFs). It is germane to students of legislative studies, international development, comparative politics, and democratization. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from our UK warehouse or from our Australian or US warehouses, depending on stock availability.

- Rilegato
- Print on Demand
Da: moluna, Greven, Germaniamoluna
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 144,60
EUR 48,99 spedizioneSpedito da Germania a U.S.A.Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
Gebunden. Condizione: New. Dieser Artikel ist ein Print on Demand Artikel und wird nach Ihrer Bestellung fuer Sie gedruckt. This book explores the dynamics of distributive politics in developing democracies via a series of case studies of an emerging spending mechanism-constituency development funds (CDFs). It is germane to stud…ents of legislative studies, international developm.

- Rilegato
- Print on Demand
Da: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, GermaniaAHA-BUCH GmbH
Contatta il venditoreVenditore con 5 stelleCondizione: Nuovo
EUR 179,17
EUR 63,05 spedizioneSpedito da Germania a U.S.A.Quantità: 1 disponibili
Buch. Condizione: Neu. nach der Bestellung gedruckt Neuware - Printed after ordering - This book explores the increasing use of Constituency Development Funds (CDFs) in emerging democratic governments in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Oceania. CDFs dedicate public money to benefit parliamentary constituencies through allocatio…ns and/or spending decisions influenced by Members of Parliament (MPs). The contributors employ the term CDF as a generic term although such funds have a different names, such as electoral development funds (Papua New Guinea), constituency development catalyst funds (Tanzania), or Member of Parliament Local Area Development Fund (India), etc.In some ways, the funds resemble the ad hoc pork barrel policy-making employed in the U.S. Congress for the past 200 years. However, unlike earmarks, CDFs generally become institutionalized in the government's annual budget and are distributed according to different criteria in each country. They enable MPs to influence programs in their constituencies that finance education, and build bridges, roads, community centers, clinics and schools. In this sense, a CDF is a politicized form of spending that can help fill in the important gaps in government services in constituencies that have not been addressed in the government's larger, comprehensive policy programs.This first comprehensive treatment of CDFs in the academic and development literatures emerges from a project at the State University of New York Center for International Development. This project has explored CDFs in 19 countries and has developed indicators on their emergence, operations, and oversight. The contributors provide detailed case studies of the emergence and operations of CDFs in Kenya, Uganda, Jamaica, and India, as well as an analysis of earmarks in the U.S. Congress, and a broader analysis of the emergence of the funds in Africa. They cover the emergence, institutionalization, and accountability of these funds; analyze key issues in their operations; and offer provisional conclusions of what the emergence and operations of these funds say about the democratization of politics in developing countries and current approaches to international support for democratic governance in developing countries.