Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, United Kingdom, Oxford, 2019
ISBN 10: 1509926682 ISBN 13: 9781509926688
Da: WorldofBooks, Goring-By-Sea, WS, Regno Unito
EUR 14,34
Quantità: 1 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloPaperback. Condizione: Very Good. This is the new edition of the leading textbook on criminal law by Professors Simester and Sullivan, now co-written with Professors Spencer, Stark and Virgo. Simester and Sullivans Criminal Law is an outstanding account of modern English criminal law, combining detailed exposition and analysis of the law with a careful exploration of its theoretical underpinnings. Primarily, it is written for undergraduate students of criminal law and it has become the set text in many leading universities. Additionally, the book is used as an important point of reference in academic writing and postgraduate research in England and abroad. Simester and Sullivans Criminal Law has been cited by appellate courts throughout the world. Review of Previous Edition: . undoubtedly a first-rate companion for any undergraduate or post-graduate law course. Since attaining international recognition and citation in appellate courts worldwide, the security of the text's position as a point of academic reference remains as steadfast as ever. John Taggart, Criminal Law Review. The book has been read, but is in excellent condition. Pages are intact and not marred by notes or highlighting. The spine remains undamaged.
Da: THE SAINT BOOKSTORE, Southport, Regno Unito
EUR 57,71
Quantità: 2 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloPaperback / softback. Condizione: New. New copy - Usually dispatched within 3 working days.
Da: Kennys Bookstore, Olney, MD, U.S.A.
EUR 85,22
Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloCondizione: New. Crimes, Harms and Wrongs is a philosophical analysis of the nature, significance and ethical limits of criminalisation. Num Pages: 258 pages. BIC Classification: LNFB. Category: (P) Professional & Vocational; (U) Tertiary Education (US: College). Dimension: 234 x 157 x 15. Weight in Grams: 416. . 2014. Reprint. Paperback. . . . . Books ship from the US and Ireland.
Da: Kennys Bookshop and Art Galleries Ltd., Galway, GY, Irlanda
EUR 98,01
Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloCondizione: New. Crimes, Harms and Wrongs is a philosophical analysis of the nature, significance and ethical limits of criminalisation. Num Pages: 258 pages. BIC Classification: LNFB. Category: (P) Professional & Vocational; (U) Tertiary Education (US: College). Dimension: 234 x 157 x 15. Weight in Grams: 416. . 2014. Reprint. Paperback. . . . .
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2024
ISBN 10: 150995614X ISBN 13: 9781509956142
Da: Grand Eagle Retail, Bensenville, IL, U.S.A.
Hardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. This book brings together leading scholars from the next generation of UK criminal lawyers to celebrate the work of GR Sullivan, Emeritus Professor at University College London, in the year of his retirement from writing Simester and Sullivans Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine. The contributors examine many of the areas in which GR (Bob) Sullivans own writing has been influential, ranging from general doctrines such as causation and culpability, across specific offences like theft and fraud, through defences including necessity and insanity; before turning, finally, to matters affecting the criminal process, notably challenges to the doctrine of precedent in criminal law. Taken together, the essays are a powerful tribute to Bobs standing and influence upon modern criminal law. At the same time, individually they make sophisticated contributions to our understanding of some pressing issues in contemporary criminal law. The essays illustrate the increasing importance of theoretical argument in modern criminal law, as well as the manner in which doctrinal debates have become interwoven with arguments about criminalisation norms. The resulting collection is thus a tribute also to the character of modern academic criminal law, a character that Bob and the writers of his generation did so much to develop. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.
Da: Kennys Bookshop and Art Galleries Ltd., Galway, GY, Irlanda
EUR 150,93
Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloCondizione: New. Written by leading philosophers and lawyers from the United States and the United Kingdom, this collection of original essays offers new insights into a range of principles of criminality. It advances our understanding of such key issues as what amounts to a criminal act or omission, the state of mind of the perpetrator, and defences. Editor(s): Shute, Professor Stephen; Simester, Andrew. Series: Oxford Monographs on Criminal Law & Justice. Num Pages: 332 pages, index. BIC Classification: HPQ; LAB; LNF. Category: (P) Professional & Vocational. Dimension: 242 x 167 x 25. Weight in Grams: 650. . 2002. New. hardcover. . . . .
Da: Kennys Bookstore, Olney, MD, U.S.A.
EUR 191,79
Quantità: Più di 20 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloCondizione: New. Written by leading philosophers and lawyers from the United States and the United Kingdom, this collection of original essays offers new insights into a range of principles of criminality. It advances our understanding of such key issues as what amounts to a criminal act or omission, the state of mind of the perpetrator, and defences. Editor(s): Shute, Professor Stephen; Simester, Andrew. Series: Oxford Monographs on Criminal Law & Justice. Num Pages: 332 pages, index. BIC Classification: HPQ; LAB; LNF. Category: (P) Professional & Vocational. Dimension: 242 x 167 x 25. Weight in Grams: 650. . 2002. New. hardcover. . . . . Books ship from the US and Ireland.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC Apr 2024, 2024
ISBN 10: 150995614X ISBN 13: 9781509956142
Da: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germania
EUR 146,68
Quantità: 1 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloBuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - This book brings together leading scholars from the next generation of UK criminal lawyers to celebrate the work of GR Sullivan, Emeritus Professor at University College London, in the year of his retirement from writing Simester and Sullivan's Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine.The contributors examine many of the areas in which GR (Bob) Sullivan's own writing has been influential, ranging from general doctrines such as causation and culpability, across specific offences like theft and fraud, through defences including necessity and insanity; before turning, finally, to matters affecting the criminal process, notably challenges to the doctrine of precedent in criminal law.Taken together, the essays are a powerful tribute to Bob's standing and influence upon modern criminal law. At the same time, individually they make sophisticated contributions to our understanding of some pressing issues in contemporary criminal law. The essays illustrate the increasing importance of theoretical argument in modern criminal law, as well as the manner in which doctrinal debates have become interwoven with arguments about criminalisation norms. The resulting collection is thus a tribute also to the character of modern academic criminal law, a character that Bob and the writers of his generation did so much to develop.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2014
ISBN 10: 1849466998 ISBN 13: 9781849466998
Da: Grand Eagle Retail, Bensenville, IL, U.S.A.
Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. When should we make use of the criminal law? Crimes, Harms, and Wrongs offers a philosophical analysis of the nature and ethical limits of criminalisation. The authors explore the scope of harm-based prohibitions, proscriptions of offensive behaviour, and paternalistic prohibitions aimed at preventing self-harm, developing guiding principles for these various grounds of state prohibition. Both authors have written extensively in the field. They have produced an integrated, accessible, philosophically-sophisticated account that will be of great interest to legal academics, philosophers, and advanced students alike. Crimes, Harms and Wrongs is a philosophical analysis of the nature, significance and ethical limits of criminalisation. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2016
ISBN 10: 1509913874 ISBN 13: 9781509913879
Da: Grand Eagle Retail, Bensenville, IL, U.S.A.
Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. This book celebrates Andreas (Andrew) von Hirschs pioneering contributions to liberal criminal theory. He is particularly noted for reinvigorating desert-based theories of punishment, for his development of principled normative constraints on the enactment of criminal laws, and for helping to bridge the gap between Anglo-American and German criminal law scholarship. Underpinning his work is a deep commitment to a liberal vision of the state. This collection brings together a distinguished group of international authors, who pay tribute to von Hirsch by engaging with topics on which he himself has focused. The essays range across sentencing theory, questions of criminalisation, and the relation between criminal law and the authority of the state. Together, they articulate and defend the ideal of a liberal criminal justice system, and present a fitting accolade to Andreas von Hirschs scholarly life. This collection brings together distinguished international authors, who pay tribute to von Hirsch by engaging with topics on which he himself has focussed. Together, they articulate and defend the ideal of a liberal criminal justice system. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2025
ISBN 10: 1509956182 ISBN 13: 9781509956180
Da: Grand Eagle Retail, Bensenville, IL, U.S.A.
Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. This book brings together leading scholars from the next generation of UK criminal lawyers to celebrate the work of GR Sullivan, Emeritus Professor at University College London, in the year of his retirement from writing Simester and Sullivans Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine. The contributors examine many of the areas in which GR (Bob) Sullivans own writing has been influential, ranging from general doctrines such as causation and culpability, across specific offences like theft and fraud, through defences including necessity and insanity; before turning, finally, to matters affecting the criminal process, notably challenges to the doctrine of precedent in criminal law. Taken together, the essays are a powerful tribute to Bobs standing and influence upon modern criminal law. At the same time, individually they make sophisticated contributions to our understanding of some pressing issues in contemporary criminal law. The essays illustrate the increasing importance of theoretical argument in modern criminal law, as well as the manner in which doctrinal debates have become interwoven with arguments about criminalisation norms. The resulting collection is thus a tribute also to the character of modern academic criminal law, a character that Bob and the writers of his generation did so much to develop. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2016
ISBN 10: 1509913874 ISBN 13: 9781509913879
Da: CitiRetail, Stevenage, Regno Unito
EUR 50,69
Quantità: 1 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloPaperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. This book celebrates Andreas (Andrew) von Hirschs pioneering contributions to liberal criminal theory. He is particularly noted for reinvigorating desert-based theories of punishment, for his development of principled normative constraints on the enactment of criminal laws, and for helping to bridge the gap between Anglo-American and German criminal law scholarship. Underpinning his work is a deep commitment to a liberal vision of the state. This collection brings together a distinguished group of international authors, who pay tribute to von Hirsch by engaging with topics on which he himself has focused. The essays range across sentencing theory, questions of criminalisation, and the relation between criminal law and the authority of the state. Together, they articulate and defend the ideal of a liberal criminal justice system, and present a fitting accolade to Andreas von Hirschs scholarly life. This collection brings together distinguished international authors, who pay tribute to von Hirsch by engaging with topics on which he himself has focussed. Together, they articulate and defend the ideal of a liberal criminal justice system. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from our UK warehouse or from our Australian or US warehouses, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2014
ISBN 10: 1849466998 ISBN 13: 9781849466998
Da: CitiRetail, Stevenage, Regno Unito
EUR 50,69
Quantità: 1 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloPaperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. When should we make use of the criminal law? Crimes, Harms, and Wrongs offers a philosophical analysis of the nature and ethical limits of criminalisation. The authors explore the scope of harm-based prohibitions, proscriptions of offensive behaviour, and paternalistic prohibitions aimed at preventing self-harm, developing guiding principles for these various grounds of state prohibition. Both authors have written extensively in the field. They have produced an integrated, accessible, philosophically-sophisticated account that will be of great interest to legal academics, philosophers, and advanced students alike. Crimes, Harms and Wrongs is a philosophical analysis of the nature, significance and ethical limits of criminalisation. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from our UK warehouse or from our Australian or US warehouses, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2025
ISBN 10: 1509956182 ISBN 13: 9781509956180
Da: CitiRetail, Stevenage, Regno Unito
EUR 66,20
Quantità: 1 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloPaperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. This book brings together leading scholars from the next generation of UK criminal lawyers to celebrate the work of GR Sullivan, Emeritus Professor at University College London, in the year of his retirement from writing Simester and Sullivans Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine. The contributors examine many of the areas in which GR (Bob) Sullivans own writing has been influential, ranging from general doctrines such as causation and culpability, across specific offences like theft and fraud, through defences including necessity and insanity; before turning, finally, to matters affecting the criminal process, notably challenges to the doctrine of precedent in criminal law. Taken together, the essays are a powerful tribute to Bobs standing and influence upon modern criminal law. At the same time, individually they make sophisticated contributions to our understanding of some pressing issues in contemporary criminal law. The essays illustrate the increasing importance of theoretical argument in modern criminal law, as well as the manner in which doctrinal debates have become interwoven with arguments about criminalisation norms. The resulting collection is thus a tribute also to the character of modern academic criminal law, a character that Bob and the writers of his generation did so much to develop. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from our UK warehouse or from our Australian or US warehouses, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2006
ISBN 10: 1841134996 ISBN 13: 9781841134994
Da: Grand Eagle Retail, Bensenville, IL, U.S.A.
Hardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. Prohibitions against offensive conduct have existed for many years, but their extent and use was on the decline. Recently, however, several jurisdictions, including England and Wales, have moved to broaden the reach and severity of measures against incivilities. New measures include expanded targeting of unpopular forms of public conduct, such as begging, and legislation authorising magistrates to issue prohibitory orders against anti-social behaviour. Because these quality-of-life prohibitions can be so restrictive of personal liberties, it is essential to develop adequate guiding and limiting principles concerning State intervention in this area.This book addresses the legal regulation of offensive behaviour. Topics include: the nature of offensiveness; the grounds and permissible scope of criminal prohibitions against offensive behaviour; the legitimacy of civil orders against incivilities; and identifying the social trends that have generated current political interest in preventing incivilities through intervention of law.These questions are addressed by eleven distinguished philosophers, criminal law theorists, criminologists, and sociologists. In an area that has attracted much public comment but little theoretical analysis to date, these essays develop a fuller conceptual framework for debating questions about the legal regulation of offensive behaviour. This book assists in developing a fuller conceptual framework for debating questions about the legal regulation of offensive behavior. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2014
ISBN 10: 1849465142 ISBN 13: 9781849465144
Da: Grand Eagle Retail, Bensenville, IL, U.S.A.
Hardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. This book celebrates Andreas (Andrew) von Hirschs pioneering contributions to liberal criminal theory. He is particularly noted for reinvigorating desert-based theories of punishment, for his development of principled normative constraints on the enactment of criminal laws, and for helping to bridge the gap between Anglo-American and German criminal law scholarship. Underpinning his work is a deep commitment to a liberal vision of the state. This collection brings together a distinguished group of international authors, who pay tribute to von Hirsch by engaging with topics on which he himself has focused. The essays range across sentencing theory, questions of criminalisation, and the relation between criminal law and the authority of the state. Together, they articulate and defend the ideal of a liberal criminal justice system, and present a fitting accolade to Andreas von Hirschs scholarly life. This collection brings together distinguished international authors, who pay tribute to von Hirsch by engaging with topics on which he himself has focussed. Together, they articulate and defend the ideal of a liberal criminal justice system. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2011
ISBN 10: 1841139408 ISBN 13: 9781841139401
Da: Grand Eagle Retail, Bensenville, IL, U.S.A.
Hardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. When should we make use of the criminal law? Crimes, Harms, and Wrongs offers a philosophical analysis of the nature and ethical limits of criminalisation. The authors explore the scope of harm-based prohibitions, proscriptions of offensive behaviour, and paternalistic prohibitions aimed at preventing self-harm, developing guiding principles for these various grounds of state prohibition. Both authors have written extensively in the field. They have produced an integrated, accessible, philosophically-sophisticated account that will be of great interest to legal academics, philosophers, and advanced students alike. this elegant, closely argued and convincing book is of great value and can be expected to be of lasting influence. James Chalmers Crimes, Harms, and Wrongs . . . is a welcome addition to this field, and should clarify the readers thinking on a breathtakingly broad range of issues. . . . This is an important book, and [its] consideration of not only Anglo-American theory and law, but also German legal doctrines and writings on criminalisation, should ensure that this debate reaches new heights in the future. Findlay Stark the result of [the authors] many decades of thought and writing on this fundamental subject is an integrated, accessible, philosophically sophisticated discussion of this subject. Justice Gilles Renaud A.P. Simester and Andreas von Hirsch present an informed and systematic account of the principles that, in their view, should structure decisions about what to criminalize, and when. Vincent Chiao an outstanding work, original in many respects and meticulous in its arguments. It represents the greatest advance on this subject since Feinbergs four volumes . . . an outstanding contribution to the re-invigorated criminalization debate. Andrew Ashworth important, original, interesting, and often ingenious. Unlike some recent competitive books it has the virtue of making sound arguments. And like everything else the authors have written, it is a joy to read This is an absolutely wonderful book. Douglas Husak Crimes, Harms and Wrongs is a philosophical analysis of the nature, significance and ethical limits of criminalisation. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2006
ISBN 10: 1841134996 ISBN 13: 9781841134994
Da: CitiRetail, Stevenage, Regno Unito
EUR 118,11
Quantità: 1 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloHardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. Prohibitions against offensive conduct have existed for many years, but their extent and use was on the decline. Recently, however, several jurisdictions, including England and Wales, have moved to broaden the reach and severity of measures against incivilities. New measures include expanded targeting of unpopular forms of public conduct, such as begging, and legislation authorising magistrates to issue prohibitory orders against anti-social behaviour. Because these quality-of-life prohibitions can be so restrictive of personal liberties, it is essential to develop adequate guiding and limiting principles concerning State intervention in this area.This book addresses the legal regulation of offensive behaviour. Topics include: the nature of offensiveness; the grounds and permissible scope of criminal prohibitions against offensive behaviour; the legitimacy of civil orders against incivilities; and identifying the social trends that have generated current political interest in preventing incivilities through intervention of law.These questions are addressed by eleven distinguished philosophers, criminal law theorists, criminologists, and sociologists. In an area that has attracted much public comment but little theoretical analysis to date, these essays develop a fuller conceptual framework for debating questions about the legal regulation of offensive behaviour. This book assists in developing a fuller conceptual framework for debating questions about the legal regulation of offensive behavior. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from our UK warehouse or from our Australian or US warehouses, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2014
ISBN 10: 1849465142 ISBN 13: 9781849465144
Da: CitiRetail, Stevenage, Regno Unito
EUR 124,66
Quantità: 1 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloHardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. This book celebrates Andreas (Andrew) von Hirschs pioneering contributions to liberal criminal theory. He is particularly noted for reinvigorating desert-based theories of punishment, for his development of principled normative constraints on the enactment of criminal laws, and for helping to bridge the gap between Anglo-American and German criminal law scholarship. Underpinning his work is a deep commitment to a liberal vision of the state. This collection brings together a distinguished group of international authors, who pay tribute to von Hirsch by engaging with topics on which he himself has focused. The essays range across sentencing theory, questions of criminalisation, and the relation between criminal law and the authority of the state. Together, they articulate and defend the ideal of a liberal criminal justice system, and present a fitting accolade to Andreas von Hirschs scholarly life. This collection brings together distinguished international authors, who pay tribute to von Hirsch by engaging with topics on which he himself has focussed. Together, they articulate and defend the ideal of a liberal criminal justice system. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from our UK warehouse or from our Australian or US warehouses, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2024
ISBN 10: 150995614X ISBN 13: 9781509956142
Da: CitiRetail, Stevenage, Regno Unito
EUR 130,63
Quantità: 1 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloHardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. This book brings together leading scholars from the next generation of UK criminal lawyers to celebrate the work of GR Sullivan, Emeritus Professor at University College London, in the year of his retirement from writing Simester and Sullivans Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine. The contributors examine many of the areas in which GR (Bob) Sullivans own writing has been influential, ranging from general doctrines such as causation and culpability, across specific offences like theft and fraud, through defences including necessity and insanity; before turning, finally, to matters affecting the criminal process, notably challenges to the doctrine of precedent in criminal law. Taken together, the essays are a powerful tribute to Bobs standing and influence upon modern criminal law. At the same time, individually they make sophisticated contributions to our understanding of some pressing issues in contemporary criminal law. The essays illustrate the increasing importance of theoretical argument in modern criminal law, as well as the manner in which doctrinal debates have become interwoven with arguments about criminalisation norms. The resulting collection is thus a tribute also to the character of modern academic criminal law, a character that Bob and the writers of his generation did so much to develop. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from our UK warehouse or from our Australian or US warehouses, depending on stock availability.
Lingua: Inglese
Editore: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, Oxford, 2011
ISBN 10: 1841139408 ISBN 13: 9781841139401
Da: CitiRetail, Stevenage, Regno Unito
EUR 176,57
Quantità: 1 disponibili
Aggiungi al carrelloHardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. When should we make use of the criminal law? Crimes, Harms, and Wrongs offers a philosophical analysis of the nature and ethical limits of criminalisation. The authors explore the scope of harm-based prohibitions, proscriptions of offensive behaviour, and paternalistic prohibitions aimed at preventing self-harm, developing guiding principles for these various grounds of state prohibition. Both authors have written extensively in the field. They have produced an integrated, accessible, philosophically-sophisticated account that will be of great interest to legal academics, philosophers, and advanced students alike.this elegant, closely argued and convincing book is of great value and can be expected to be of lasting influence. James ChalmersCrimes, Harms, and Wrongs . . . is a welcome addition to this field, and should clarify the readers thinking on a breathtakingly broad range of issues. . . . This is an important book, and [its] consideration of not only Anglo-American theory and law, but also German legal doctrines and writings on criminalisation, should ensure that this debate reaches new heights in the future. Findlay Starkthe result of [the authors] many decades of thought and writing on this fundamental subject is an integrated, accessible, philosophically sophisticated discussion of this subject. Justice Gilles RenaudA.P. Simester and Andreas von Hirsch present an informed and systematic account of the principles that, in their view, should structure decisions about what to criminalize, and when. Vincent Chiaoan outstanding work, original in many respects and meticulous in its arguments. It represents the greatest advance on this subject since Feinbergs four volumes . . . an outstanding contribution to the re-invigorated criminalization debate. Andrew Ashworthimportant, original, interesting, and often ingenious. Unlike some recent competitive books it has the virtue of making sound arguments. And like everything else the authors have written, it is a joy to read This is an absolutely wonderful book. Douglas Husak Crimes, Harms and Wrongs is a philosophical analysis of the nature, significance and ethical limits of criminalisation. This item is printed on demand. Shipping may be from our UK warehouse or from our Australian or US warehouses, depending on stock availability.