centre for the study of language and information stanford (278 risultati)

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. This book presents a sequence of interviews between Dikran Karagueuzian and prolific fiction writer John L'Heureux that investigate the nature of writing fiction and the writer's need to write. This conversation includes a discussion of contemporary fiction, its virtues and vices, and its distinguished practitioners along with a personal perspective on writing novels as opposed to short stories. Karagueuzian and L'Heureux also explore L'Heureux's years as director of the Stanford Writing Program, detailing his relationship with some of his better known students, and offering insight into what can and can't be taught in a creative writing program. Presents a sequence of interviews between Dikran Karagueuzian and prolific fiction writer John L'Heureux that investigate the nature of writing fiction and the writer's need to write. This conversation includes a discussion of contemporary fiction, its virtues and vices, and its distinguished practitioners. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. How does a computer scientist understand infinity? What can probability theory teach us about free will? Can mathematical notions be used to enhance one's personal understanding of the Bible?Perhaps no one is more qualified to address these questions than Donald E. Knuth, whose massive contributions to computing have led others to nickname him "The Father of Computer Science"and whose religious faith led him to understand a fascinating analysis of the Bible called the 3:16 project. In this series of six spirited, informal lectures, Knuth explores the relationships between his vocation and his faith, revealing the unique perspective that his work with computing has lent to his understanding of God.His starting point is the 3:16 project, an application of mathematical "random sampling" to the books of the Bible. The first lectures tell the story of the project's conception and execution, exploring its many dimensions of language translation, aesthetics, and theological history. Along the way, Knuth explains the many insights he gained from such interdisciplinary work. These theological musings culminate in a surprising final lecture tackling the ideas of infinity, free will, and some of the other big questions that lie at the juncture of theology and computation.Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About, with its charming and user-friendly formateach lecture ends with a question and answer exchange, and the book itself contains more than 100 illustrationsis a readable and intriguing approach to a crucial topic, certain to edify both those who are serious and curious about their faiths and those who look at the science of computation and wonder what it might teach them about their spiritual world.Includes "Creativity, Spirituality, and Computer Science," a panel discussion featuring Harry Lewis, Guy L. Steele, Jr., Manuela Veloso, Donald E. Knuth, and Mitch Kapor. How does a computer scientist understand infinity? What can probability theory teach us about free will? This book contains six informal lectures by computer scientist Donald E. Knuth exploring the relationship between his vocation and his faith. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. John McCarthy's influence in computer science ranges from the invention of LISP and time-sharing to the coining of the term AI and the founding of the AI laboratory at Stanford University. One of the foremost figures in computer sciences, McCarthy has written papers which are widely referenced and stand as milestones of development over a wide range of topics. In this collection of reviews, McCarthy staunchly defends the importance of Artificial Intelligence research against its attackers; this book gathers McCarthy's reviews of books which discuss and criticise the future of AI. Here, McCarthy explores the larger questions associated with AI, such as the question of the nature of intelligence, of the acquisition and application of knowledge, and the question of the politics behind this research. John McCarthy defends the importance of Artificial Intelligence research against its attackers. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. Modal Logic can be characterized as the logic of necessity and possibility, of 'must be' and 'may be'. A Short Introduction to Modal Logic presents both semantic and syntactic features of the subject and illustrates them by detailed analyses of the three best-known modal systems S5, S4 and T. The book concentrates on the logical aspects of the subject and provides philosophical motivations to show the point of the formal work. The coverage is self-contained, including a summary of the necessary aspects of classical logic which it presupposes. A set of exercises is included in the final chapter. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. Because of the ease of their implementation, attribute-value based theories of grammar are becoming increasingly popular in theoretical linguistics as an alternative to transformational accounts and in computational linguistics. This book provides a formal analysis of attribute-value structures, their use in a theory of grammar and the representation of grammatical relations in such theories of grammar. It provides a classical treatment of disjunction and negation, and explores the linguistic implications of different representations of grammatical relations. Mark Johnson is assistant professor in cognitive and linguistic sciences at Brown University. He was a Fairchild postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the 1987-88 academic year. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. A new perspective on phonetic variation is achieved in this volume through the construction of a series of models of spoken American English. In the past, computer theorists and programmers investigating pronunciation have often relied on their own knowledge of the language or on limited transcription data. Speech recognition researchers, on the other hand, have drawn on a great deal of data but without examining in detail the information about pronunciation the data contains. The authors combine the best of each approach to develop probabilistic and rule-based computational models of transcription data. An ongoing controversy in studies of phonetic variation is the existence and proper definition of a phonetic unit. The authors argue that assumptions about the units of spoken language are critical to a computational model. Their computational models employ suprasegmental elements such as syllable boundaries, stress, and position in a unit called a metrical foot. The use of such elements in modeling data enables the creation of better computational models for both recognition and synthesis technology. This book should be of interest to speech engineers, linguists, and anyone who wishes to understand symbolic systems of communication. This text offers a probabilistic and rule-based computational model of transcription data. The authors argue that assumptions about the units of spoken language are critical to a computational model. Their models employ suprasegmental elements such as syllable boundaries and stress. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. One of the most fundamental tasks of a theory of metaphor is to explain what any given metaphorical utterance says in a way that is compatible with the framework provided by philosophy. Using clear language, this book provides a theory of metaphor in terms of reconceptualization that is compatible with current trends in cognitive linguistics, while being philosophically rigorous in that it remains true to the fundamental philosophical insights into such notions as those of 'meaning' and 'content'. As such, this work serves as a bridge between philosophy and linguistics in the study of natural language. It also provides a detailed critique of respected theories of metaphor, showing how they fall into two camps depending on their account of metaphorical content, and compiling a list of phenomena any theory of metaphor (and thus model of natural language processing) must address. Using clear language, this book provides a theory of metaphor in terms of reconceptualization that is compatible with current trends in cognitive linguistics, while being philosophically rigorous in that it remains true to the fundamental philosophical insights into such notions as those of 'meaning' and 'content'. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. In recent years, 'semantical partiality' has emerged as an important concept in philosophical logic as well as in the study of natural language semantics. Despite the many applications, however, a number of mathematically intriguing questions associated with this concept have received only very limited attention. Partiality, Truth, and Persistence is a study in spatial model theory, the theory of partially defined models. First, with the introduction of truth value gaps in semantics, there are many ways to generalize the classical truth definition for the sentences of a first order predicate language. We know what it means for a sentence to be true or false in a classical, complete model, but how do we extend this relation when partial models are introduced? Various alternatives exist, and a detailed comparison is carried out between them. Since these studies concern a full first order predicate language, many distinctions appear that do not arise in the case of pure propositional logic. A condition of monotonicity or 'persistence' of truth relative to partial models has a prominent position among conditions that are not expressible in the framework of standard, complete model theory. The final chapter investigates the relation between such conditions and expressibility properties in general. These discussions culminate with a combined Lindstrom and persistence characterization theorem. Tore Langholm is a research fellow in mathematics at the University of Oslo. He is a co-author of Situations, Language and Logic. In recent years, semantical partiality has emerged as an important concept in philosophical logic as well as in the study of natural language semantics. This is a study in spatial model theory, the theory of partially defined models. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. This volume is an outgrowth of the second Workshop on Logic, Language and Computation held at Stanford in the spring of 1993. The workshop brought together researchers interested in natural language to discuss the current state of the art at the borderline of logic, linguistics and computer science. The papers in this collection fall into three central research areas of the nineties, namely quantifiers, deduction, and context. Each contribution reflects an ever-growing interest in a more dynamic approach to meaning, which focuses on inference patterns and the interpretation of sentences in the context of a larger discourse. The papers apply either current logical machinery - such as linear logic, generalised quantifier theory, dynamic logic - or formal analyses of the notion of context in discourse to classical linguistic issues, with original and thought-provoking results deserving of a wide audience. This collection comprises recent innovations in logic, linguistics and computer science. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. Mixed category constructions like the English verbal gerund involve words that seem to be central members of more that one part of speech. This poses a problem for the standard view of syntactic categories. This book presents a novel analysis of this and similar mixed category constructions in languages including Quechua, Tibetan, Arabic, Fijian, Dagaare, and Jacaltec. Under this analysis, Robert P. Malouf shows that verbal gerunds share the selectional properties of verbs and the distributional properties of nouns. He further shows that since different dimensions of grammatical information can vary independently, the behavior of mixed categories creates no paradox. These dimensions are in principle independent. However, certain types of mixed categories are quite common in the world's languages, while others are rare or nonexistent. The book discusses how cross-linguistic variation can be accounted for by a lexical categorial prototype. By stating these prototypes as default constraints in a hierarchy of lexical information, Malouf argues that one can bring insights from cognitive and functional approaches to linguistics into a formal analysis, thus building on the strengths of both approaches. Mixed category constructions like the English verbal gerund involve words that seem to be central members of more than one part of speech and so pose a problem for the standard view of syntactic categories. This presents a novel analysis of this and similar mixed category constructions in various languages. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. Beyond Alternations provides a unified account of the semantic effects of the German applicative ("be-") construction. Using natural data from a varietyof corpora, the authors propose that this pattern is inherently meaningful and that its meaning provides the basis for creative extensions. This text provides a unified account of the semantic effects of the German applicative ("be-") construction. Using natural data from a variety of sorpora, the authors proposee that this pattern is inherently meaningful and that its meaning provides the basis for creative extensions. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. One of the fundamental theses of this book is that logical consequence and logical truth are not simply given, but arise as conventions among the users of logic. Thus Syverson explains convention within a game-theoretic framework, as a kind of equilibrium between the strategies of players in a game where they share common knowledge of eventsa revisiting of Lewis's Convention that argues that convention can be reasonably treated as coordination equilibria. Most strikingly, a realistic solution is provided for Gray's classic coordination problem, wherein two generals can only communicate with each other through unreliable means. One of the fundamental theses of this book is that logical consequence and logical truth are not simply given, but arise as conventions among the users of logic. Thus Syverson explains convention within a game-theoretic framework, as a kind of equilibrium between the strategies of players in a game where they share common knowledge of events—a revisiting of Lewis's Convention that argues that convention can be reasonably treated as coordination equilibria. Most strikingly, a realistic solution is provided for Gray's classic coordination problem, wherein two generals can only communicate with each other through unreliable means. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. With the reissue of this treatise, an instrumental step in the development of both moraic phonology and prosodic morphology becomes available again. This essential text presents a comprehensive treatment of syllable weight in phonology and of its consequences for weight-related phenomena, proposing that the basic tier consists of weight units equivalent to the morals of traditional synchronic and diachronic phonology. Turning to the unusual Gokana language of Nigeria, which may lack syllables entirely, Hyman argues that the proposed moraic representations may even be applied to many apparently syllable-based phenomena without syllables. With the reissue of this treatise, an instrumental step in the development of both moraic phonology and prosodic morphology becomes available again. This essential text presents a comprehensive treatment of syllable weight in phonology and of its consequences for weight-related phenomena, proposing that the basic tier consists of weight units equivalent to the morals of traditional synchronic and diachronic phonology. Turning to the unusual Gokana language of Nigeria, which may lack syllables entirely, Hyman argues that the proposed moraic representations may even be applied to many apparently syllable-based phenomena "without" syllables. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. In this book, two related phenomena are studied: presupposition and anaphora. Dynamic semantics is by now widely accepted as a first-rate foundation for such an exercise and it forms the backbone of most of the work in this book. A recurring additional theme of the present book is the usefulness of techniques from partial logic in the treatment of both phenomena. Rather than adding completely new semantic theories to the present gamut of theories, the author discusses a number of existing approaches which aim at accounting for the behavior of presuppositions and/or anaphors, makes improvements where necessary, and compares the results. Presupposition and Anaphora starts with an introduction to a number of dynamic semantic theories and their correlations, paying special attention to the treatment of disjunctions and negations. Subsequently, presuppositions are studied in the context of partial logics, Montague Grammar and dynamic semantics. In this book, two related phenomena are studied: presupposition and anaphora. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. The use of diagrams in logic and geometry has encountered resistance in recent years. For a proof to be valid in geometry, it must not rely on the graphical properties of a diagram. In logic, the teaching of proofs depends on sentenial representations, ideas formed as natural language sentences such as "If A is true and B is true." No serious formal proof system is based on diagrams. This book explores the reasons why structured graphics have been largely ignored in contemporary formal theories of axiomatic systems. In particular, it elucidates the systematic forces in the intellectual history of mathematics which have driven the adoption of sentential representational styles over diagrammatic ones. In this book, the effects of historical forces on the evolution of diagrammatically-based systems of inference in logic and geometry are traced from antiquity to the early twentieth-century work of David Hilbert. From this exploration emerges an understanding that the present negative attitudes towards the use of diagrams in logic and geometry owe more to implicit appeals to their history and philosophical background than to any technical incompatibility with modern theories of logical systems. This text explores the reasons why diagrams have been ignored in modern formal theories of axiomatic systems. By looking at the use of diagrams in logic and geometry it concludes that it is not technical incompatibility, but history and philosophy that restricts the use of diagrams in these fields. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. One of the biggest problems for automatic translation is dealing with words and inflections that are obligatory in the target language but not in the source. This work is the first to provide a fully implemented solution to the problem of generating determiners and determining number: using a semantic representation and a series of three heuristic algorithms, this solution provides the most probable context-sensitive translation. Along with an extensive evaluation of the algorithms, this book offers much insight into natural language processing, machine translation, semantic analysis, and generation from underspecified inputs. One of the biggest problems for automatic translation is dealing with words and inflections that are obligatory in the target language but not in the source. This work is the first to provide a fully implemented solution to the problem of generating determiners and determining number: using a semantic representation and a series of three heuristic algorithms, this solution provides the most probable context-sensitive translation. Along with an extensive evaluation of the algorithms, this book offers much insight into natural language processing, machine translation, semantic analysis, and generation from underspecified inputs. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. The past twenty years have witnessed extensive collaborative research between computer scientists, logicians, linguists, philosophers, and psychologists. These interdisciplinary studies stem from the realization that researchers drawn from all fields are studying the same problem. Specifically, a common concern amongst researchers today is how logic sheds light on the nature of information. Ancient questions concerning how humans communicate, reason and decide, and modern questions about how computers should communicate, reason and decide are of prime interest to researchers in various disciplines.Words, Proofs and Diagrams is a collection of papers covering active research areas at the interface of logic, computer science, and linguistics. Readers of the volume will find traditional research on process logics, issues in formal semantics, and language processing. In addition, the volume also highlights a particularly new area where all three disciplines meetthe study of images and graphics as information carriers and the diagrammatic reasoning supported by them. The past twenty years have witnessed extensive collaborative research between computer scientists, logicians, linguists, philosophers, and psychologists. These interdisciplinary studies stem from the realization that researchers drawn from all fields are studying the same problem. Specifically, a common concern amongst researchers today is how logic sheds light on the nature of information. Ancient questions concerning how humans communicate, reason and decide, and modern questions about how computers should communicate, reason and decide are of prime interest to researchers in various disciplines. "Words, Proofs and Diagrams" is a collection of papers covering active research areas at the interface of logic, computer science, and linguistics. Readers of the volume will find traditional research on process logics, issues in formal semantics, and language processing. In addition, the volume also highlights a particularly new area where all three disciplines meet—the study of images and graphics as information carriers and the diagrammatic reasoning supported by them. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. This volume comprises a lively and thorough discussion between philosophers and Tyler Burge about Burge's recent, and already widely accepted, position in the theory of meaning, mind, and knowledge. This position is embodied by an externalist theory of meaning and an anti-individualist theory of mind and approach to self-knowledge.The authors of the eleven papers here expound their versions of this position and go on to critique Burge's version. Together with Burge's replies, this volume offers a major contribution to contemporary philosophy. This volume comprises a lively and thorough discussion between philosophers and Tyler Burge about Burge's recent, and already widely accepted, position in the theory of meaning, mind, and knowledge. This position is embodied by an externalist theory of meaning and an anti-individualist theory of mind and approach to self-knowledge. The authors of the eleven papers here expound their versions of this position and go on to critique Burge's version. Together with Burge's replies, this volume offers a major contribution to contemporary philosophy. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. Russell and Strawson sparked a well known debate on the subject of Linguistic Presupposition inspiring many linguists and philosophers to follow suit, including Frege, whose work initiated the modern study in this area. Beaver begins with the most comprehensive overview and critical discussion of this burgeoning field published to date. He then goes on to motivate and develop his own account based on a Dynamic Semantics. This account is a recent line of theoretical work in which the Tarskian emphasis on truth conditions is questioned. The central plank of the theory of meaning is a formal account of the change in information effected by use of language on hearers or readers. The proposal thus consolidates ideas of Stalnaker, Karttunen and Heim, all of whom had suggested that such an account was needed. At the same time it provides a new impulse and motivation to Dynamic Semantics itself. This book contains the most comprehensive overview and critical discussion of Linguistic Presupposition published to date. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. The early papers collected here trace a trajectory through the work and thinking of Charles Fillmore over his long and distinguished careerreflecting his desire to make sense of the workings of language in a way that keeps in mind questions of language form, language use, and the conventions linking form, meaning, and practice. The early papers collected here trace a trajectory through the work and thinking of Charles Fillmore over his long and distinguished career-reflecting his desire to make sense of the workings of language in a way that keeps in mind questions of language form, language use, and the conventions linking form, meaning, and practice. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. In Modal Logic for Open Minds, Johan van Benthem provides an up-to-date introduction to the field of modal logic, outlining its major ideas and exploring the numerous ways in which various academic fields have adopted it. Van Benthem begins with the basic theories of modal logic, semantics, bisimulation, and axiomatics, and also covers more advanced topics, such as expressive power and computational complexity. The book then moves to a wide range of applications, including new developments in information flow, intelligent agency, and games. Taken together, the chapters show modal logic at the crossroads of philosophy, mathematics, linguistics, computer science, and economics. Most of the chapters are followed by exercises, making this volume ideal for undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, computer science, symbolic systems, cognitive science, and linguistics. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condizione: new. Hardcover. While neuroscientists garner success in identifying brain regions and in analyzing individual neurons, ground is still being broken at the intermediate scale of understanding how neurons combine to encode information. This book proposes a method of representing information in a computer that would be suited for modeling the brain's methods of processing information.Holographic Reduced Representations (HRRs) are introduced here to model how the brain distributes each piece of information among thousands of neurons. It had been previously thought that the grammatical structure of a language cannot be encoded practically in a distributed representation, but HRRs can overcome the problems of earlier proposals. Thus this work has implications for psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, and computer science, and engineering. While neuroscientists garner success in identifying brain regions and in analyzing individual neurons, ground is still being broken at the intermediate scale of understanding how neurons combine to encode information. This book proposes a method of representing information in a computer that would be suited for modeling the brain's methods of processing information. Holographic Reduced Representations (HRRs) are introduced here to model how the brain distributes each piece of information among thousands of neurons. It had been previously thought that the grammatical structure of a language cannot be encoded practically in a distributed representation, but HRRs can overcome the problems of earlier proposals. Thus this work has implications for psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, and computer science, and engineering. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. How can the meaning of language be represented by formal logic? Similar research regarding the semantics of natural language has suggested that standard, 'classical' logical systems must be extended to account for the meaning of pronouns and other nominal expressions. But Chris Fox argues that by reconsidering how natural language in a formal logic is represented, the extension of classical logical systems is not required.The Ontology of Language explores how semantic issues can be addressed in a way that minimizes the ontological commitments of the resulting semantics. The book works within a version of Property Theory stemming from a combination of the lambda calculus with Aczel's Frege structures-a combination originally developed by Raymond Turner. Fox then improves on this version and substantially extends it with original applications to plurals and mass nouns, to 'intensional individuals', and to the dynamics of discourse. Some useful appendixes on further extensions and alternatives are included. A discussion of contributions to a number of topics in semantics. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. This volume presents the first large-scale treatment of German syntax along the framework of Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), which well suits German's rich morphology and flexible word order. Berman addresses both empirical and theoretical concerns, examining phenomena that have long been discussed in the literature yet remain controversial.The principles of LFG are applied to, and occasionally challenged by, three main areas of theoretical interest: subjects, traces, and complement clauses. This reaches central topics of German syntax, such as phrase structure, "subjectless" clauses, expletives, agreement, weak crossover, long-distance dependencies, distribution of subordinated clauses, correlative pronouns, and embedded clauses. This volume presents the first large-scale treatment of German syntax along the framework of Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), which well suits German's rich morphology and flexible word order. Berman addresses both empirical and theoretical concerns, examining phenomena that have long been discussed in the literature yet remain controversial. The principles of LFG are applied to, and occasionally challenged by, three main areas of theoretical interest: subjects, traces, and complement clauses. This reaches central topics of German syntax, such as phrase structure, "subjectless" clauses, expletives, agreement, weak crossover, long-distance dependencies, distribution of subordinated clauses, correlative pronouns, and embedded clauses. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. This collection of recent work in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar focuses on interfaces between different grammatical components; its fifteen papers explore interface phenomena such as auxiliary contraction in English, analysis of illocutionary force in HPSG, syntactic and semantic aspects of Korean relative clause formation, negation in Welsh, and several others. This collection of work in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar focuses on interfaces between different grammatical components; its 15 papers explore interface phenomena such as auxiliary contraction in English, analysis of illocutionary force in HPSG, and negation in Welsh. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. This book pursues the recent upsurge of research in the interface of logic, language and computation, with applications to artificial intelligence and machine learning. It contains a variety of contributions to the logical and computational analysis of natural language. A wide range of logical and computational tools are employed and applied to such varied areas as context-dependency, linguistic discourse, and formal grammar. The papers in this volume cover: context-dependency from philosophical, computational, and logical points of view; a logical framework for combining dynamic discourse semantics and preferential reasoning in AI; negative polarity items in connection with affective predicates; Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar from a perspective of type theory and category theory; and an axiomatic theory of machine learning of natural language with applications to physics word problems. This book pursues research in the interface of logic, language and computation, with applications to artificial intelligence and machine learning. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. Buildings appear to rest on top of the earth's surface, yet the surface is actually permeated by the buildings' foundations-out of view. If a foundation's blueprints are unavailable, as in archaeology, excavation would be needed to discover what actually supports a specific building. Analogously, the fields of geometry and topology have easily observable concepts resting on the surface of theoretical underpinnings that have not been completely discovered, unearthed or understood. Moreover, geometrical and topological principles of superposition provide insight into probing the connections between accessible superstructures and their hidden underpinnings. This book develops and applies these insights broadly, from physics to mathematics to philosophy. Even analogies and abstractions can now be seen as foundational superpositions.This book examines the dimensionality of surfaces, how superpositions can make stable frameworks, and gives a quasi-Leibnizian account of the relative `spaces' that are defined by these frameworks. Concluding chapters deal with problems concerning the spatio-temporal frameworks of physical theories and implications for theories of visual geometry. The numerous illustrations, while surprisingly simple, are satisfyingly clear. Buildings appear to rest on the Earth's surface, yet they actually permeate the surface. This text examines the dimensionality of surfaces. It develops and applies the insights of physics, maths and philosophy, to look at the connections between superpstructures and their hidden underpinnings. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. The rapid innovations in digital technology deeply influence views on language and information processing. These exciting developments raise many questions for researchers, and shed new light on old approaches. Researchers are drawn to closely investigate the relation between form and content, the ways that linguistic utterances change information content, and the dynamics of information change. Logic, as an established method of valid argumentation, is a tool that researchers can use to gain insight in these questions of language and computation. In answer to these linguistic and computational questions, this book presents a broad range of logical investigations into language and information processing. The topics surveyed include the notion of 'reasonable belief' in commonsense reasoning, perceptual reports in natural languages, and the logic of creation and modification of objects. The book also presents work on the verification of temporal aspects of reactive systems, analysis of scope by combining model theory and situation semantics and semantic analysis of the information articulation of linguistic statements. This volume exemplifies the abundant development of logical methods and tools in an interdisciplinary context. This text presents a broad range of logical investigations into language and information processing. Topics covered include: the notion of "reasonable belief" in commonsense reasoning, the logic of creation and modification of objects, and the verification of temporal aspects of reactive systems. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condizione: new. Paperback. The papers collected here focus on probabilistic causality, addressing topics such as the search for causal mechanisms, epistemic and metaphysical views of causality, Bayesian nets and causal dependence, and causation in the special sciences. Some papers stress the statistical analysis of probabilistic data; others address causal issues in physics, with an emphasis on physical processes that are also probabilistici.e., stochastic processes. The papers collected here focus on probabilistic causality, addressing topics such as the search for casual mechanisms, epistemic and metaphysical views of causality, Baesian nets and causal dependance, and causation in the special sciences. The emphasis is on stochastic processes, however. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.