springer nature dez 1995 (53 risultati)

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - This series of ten books covers specific organisms of concern to public health.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1. Homopolymer Structure and Behavior.- 1.1. High Polymers.- 1.2. Molecular Size and Shape.- 1.2.1. Chain Conformation.- 1.2.2. Chain Entanglement.- 1.3. Molecular Structure.- 1.3.1. Configurations of Polymer Chains.- 1.3.2. Stereo and Geometrical Isomerism.- 1.3.3. Random Branching.- 1.3.4. Nonrandom Branching.- 1.3.5. Crosslinking.- 1.4. Crystallinity and Order.- 1.4.1. Fringed Micelle Model.- 1.4.2. Folded-Chain Single Crystals.- 1.4.3. Extended-Chain Crystals.- 1.4.4.Spherulites.- 1.5. Mechanical Response: Elasticity and Viscoelasticity.- 1.5.1. Molecular and Segmental Motion.- 1.5.2. Modulus-Temperature Behavior.- 1.5.3. Five Regions of Viscoelastic Behavior.- 1.5.4. Rubberlike Elasticity.- 1.5.5. Dynamic Mechanical Spectroscopy.- 1.5.6. Stress-Relaxation and Creep Behavior.- 1.5.7. Time-Temperature Relationship.- 1.6. Energetics and Mechanics of Fracture.- 1.6.1. General Approach to Fracture.- 1.6.2. Energy Balance in Fracture.- 1.6.3. Viscoelastic Rupture of Elastomers.- 1.7. Mechanical Testing of Polymers.- 1.7.1. Stress-Strain and Fracture Behavior.- 1.7.2. Impact Strength.- 1.7.3. Fatigue.- Appendix A. Polymer Synthesis.- Appendix B. Basic Mechanical Properties and Relationships.- Bibliography of Polymer Books and Journals.- 2. General Behavior of Polymer Mixtures.- 2.1. Methods of Mixing Polymer Pairs.- 2.1.1. Polymer Blends.- 2.1.2. Graft Copolymers.- 2.1.3. Block Copolymers.- 2.1.4. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN's).- 2.2. Interdiffusion.- 2.3. Nomenclature.- 2.4. Electron Microscopy.- 2.5. The Incompatibility Problem.- 2.5.1. Thermodynamics of Mixing.- 2.5.2. Polymer-Polymer Phase Diagrams.- 2.6. Bulk Behavior of Two-Phase Polymeric Materials.- 2.6.1. Glass Transitions.- 2.6.2. Modulus-Temperature Behavior of Model Polyblends.- 2.6.3. Stress-Relaxation Behavior.- 2.6.4. The Takayanagi Models.- 2.6.5. Free Volume Model.- 2.6.6. Other Models.- 2.6.7. Morphology-Modulus Interrelationships.- 2.7. Analogy between Polymer Blends and Crystalline Homopolymers.- 2.8. Polymer Blend Chronology.- Appendix A. Counterpart Phase Separation Characteristics of Metallic Alloys and Inorganic Glasses.- Bibliography of Polymer Blend Symposia.- 3. Rubber-Toughened Plastics.- 3.1. Synthesis and Morphology.- 3.1.1. Impact-Resistant Polystyrene.- 3.1.1.1. Solution-Type Graft Copolymers.- 3.1.1.2. Phase Inversion.- 3.1.1.3. Grafting vs. Mechanical Entrapment.- 3.1.2. ABS Resins.- 3.1.2.1. Emulsion Polymerization.- 3.1.2.2. Structure of the Latex Grafts.- 3.1.3. Origin of the Cell Structure.- 3.1.4. Poly(vinyl chloride) Blends.- 3.1.5. Mixed Latex Blends.- 3.2. Physical and Mechanical Behavior of Polyblends.- 3.2.1. The Effect of Compatibility on Transition Behavior.- 3.2.2. Impact Resistance and Deformation.- 3.2.2.1. Impact Behavior.- 3.2.2.2. Tensile and Creep Behavior.- 3.2.2.3. Fatigue Behavior.- 3.2.3. Toughening Mechanisms.- 3.2.3.1. Crazing and Shear Phenomena.- 3.2.3.2. Characteristics of the Rubber.- 3.3. Optical Properties of Polyblends.- 3.4. Oxidation and Weathering of Polyblends.- 4. Diblock and Triblock Copolymers.- 4.1. Synthesis.- 4.1.1. Dilithium Initiators.- 4.1.2. Mechanochemical Methods.- 4.2. Solution Behavior of Block Copolymers.- 4.3. Plastic Compositions.- 4.4. Thermoplastic Elastomers.- 4.5. Long-Range Domain Order.- 4.6. Thermodynamics of Domain Characteristics.- 4.7. Thermodynamic Criteria for Phase Separation.- 4.7.1. Zeroth Approximation.- 4.7.2. Dilute Solution Approach.- 4.7.3. Diffusion Equation Approach.- 4.8. Effect of Solvent Casting on Morphology.- 4.9. Effect of Deformation on Morphology.- 4.10. Mixtures of A-B Blocks with A and B Mechanical Blends.- 4.11. Rheological Behavior of Block Copolymers.- 5. Multiblock Copolymers, Including Ionomers.- 5.1. Segmented Polyurethane Elastomers.- 5.1.1. Modulus and Swelling Behavior.- 5.1.2. Stress-Strain Behavior.- 5.1.3. Stress-Optical Behavior.- 5.1.4. Tensile Strength and Abrasion Resistance.- 5.1.5. Some Generalizations.- 5.2. Carboxylic Rub.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Agar.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Raw Materials.- 1.3 Production.- 1.4 Agars Obtained from Various Agarophytes.- 1.5 Chemical Composition.- 1.5.1 Agarose.- 1.5.2 Agaropectin.- 1.6 Agar Gelation.- 1.7 Synergies and Incompatibilities of Agar.- 1.8 Applications.- 1.8.1 Food Applications.- 1.8.2 Regulations for Agar in Foods.- 1.8.3 Other Applications of Agar.- References.- 2 Alginates.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Manufacture.- 2.2.1 Raw Materials.- 2.2.2 Commercial Alginates.- 2.3 Chemical Composition.- 2.3.1 General.- 2.3.2 Configuration.- 2.3.3 Alginate Biosynthesis.- 2.3.4 Block Structure Analysis.- 2.4 Functional Properties.- 2.4.1 Viscosity.- 2.4.2 Gelation.- 2.4.3 Gel Strength.- 2.5 Gel Formation Techniques.- 2.5.1 General.- 2.5.2 Diffusion Setting, Neutral pH.- 2.5.3 Diffusion Setting, Acid pH.- 2.5.4 Internal Setting, Neutral and Acid pH.- 2.5.5 Combined Setting.- 2.5.6 Setting by Cooling.- 2.5.7 Alginate/Pectin Gels.- 2.6 Alginate Processes for Food Production.- 2.6.1 General.- 2.6.2 Appropriate Food Raw Materials.- 2.6.3 Commercial Alginate Gel Restructured Products.- 2.6.4 Examples of Production Formats.- 2.6.5 Alginate Products for the Bakery Industry.- 2.7 Thickening and Stabilising.- 2.7.1 Thickening.- 2.7.2 Stabilising.- 2.7.3 Thickening/stabilising with Propylene Glycol Alginate.- 2.8 Film Formation.- 2.9 Summary.- References.- 3 Carrageenan.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Raw Materials.- 3.3 Manufacturing.- 3.4 Regulation.- 3.5 Functional Properties.- 3.6 Synergism with Food Ingredients.- 3.7 Food Applications.- References.- 4 Cellulose Derivatives.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Manufacture.- 4.3 MC and MHPC: Chemistry And Properties.- 4.4 HPC: Chemistry and Properties.- 4.5 CMC: Chemistry and Properties.- 4.6 Major Commercial Applications in Food Products.- 4.6.1 Introduction.- 4.6.2 Frozen Desserts.- 4.6.3 Fruit Juice-Based Drinks and Products.- 4.6.4 Bakery Products.- 4.6.5 Dairy Products.- 4.6.6 Structured, Extruded and Coated Products.- 4.6.7 Miscellaneous food Applications.- 4.6.8 Future Developments.- References.- 5 Exudate Gums.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Gum Arabic.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 Manufacture.- 5.2.3 Chemical Composition.- 5.2.4 Functional Properties.- 5.2.5 Applications.- 5.2.6 Future Developments.- 5.3 Gum Tragacanth.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Manufacture.- 5.3.3 Chemical Composition.- 5.3.4 Functional Properties.- 5.3.5 Applications.- 5.3.6 Future Developments.- 5.4 Gum Karaya.- 5.4.1 Introduction.- 5.4.2 Manufacture.- 5.4.3 Chemical Composition.- 5.4.4 Functional Properties.- 5.4.5 Applications.- 5.4.6 Future Developments.- References.- 6 Gellan Gum.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Manufacture.- 6.3 Chemical Composition.- 6.4 Functional Properties.- 6.4.1 Hydration.- 6.4.2 Solution Properties.- 6.4.3 Gel Formation.- 6.4.4 Gel Properties.- 6.4.5 Gum Combinations.- 6.5 Regulatory Status.- 6.6 Applications.- 6.7 Future Developments.- References.- 7 Gelatin.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Gelatin: Definition.- 7.3 Collagen.- 7.4 Collagen-Gelatin Transformation.- 7.5 Gelatin Manufacture.- 7.5.1 Pretreatment.- 7.5.2 Extraction and Post-Extraction Processing.- 7.5.3 Commercial Gelatin.- 7.6 Chemical Structure.- 7.6.1 Composition.- 7.6.2 Isoelectric Point.- 7.6.3 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution.- 7.7 Functional Properties.- 7.7.1 Gelation Mechanism.- 7.7.2 Gel Strength.- 7.7.3 Melting Point.- 7.7.4 Setting Point.- 7.7.5 Viscosity.- 7.7.6 Turbidity.- 7.7.7 Colour.- 7.7.8 Colloid Protection.- 7.8 Uses of Gelatin in the Food Industry.- 7.8.1 Confectionery.- 7.8.2 Dairy Products.- 7.8.3 Meat Industry.- 7.8.4 Hydrolysed Gelatin Applications.- 7.8.5 Miscellaneous Applications.- References.- 8 Konjac Gum.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Raw Materials.- 8.3 Manufacturing.- 8.4 Regulation.- 8.5 Chemical Structure.- 8.6 Functional Properties.- 8.6.1 Thickening Agent.- 8.6.2 Gelling Agent: Thermally Reversible Gels.- 8.6.3 Thermally Stable Gels.- 8.7 Dietary Fibre.- 8.8 Food Applications.- Additional Reading.- 9 Microcr.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Quotes from prominent publications in the field include: '.provides the information people not too familiar with sensory analysis should be given to fulfill their information needs.' - Food Marketing and Technology. 'The introduction and initial chapter on the usage of sensory analysis provide strong background information for those having to gather support for their sensory programmes and for those needing to understand the importance of their support of such a programme. The list of contributors is impressive, and represents a wide range of practitioners in the field.Those looking to use this book to develop a sensory analysis programme will be pleased.' - Food Science and Technology.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 World milk production.- 2 Milk production: Factors affecting milk composition.- 2.1 Introductio.- 2.2 Synthetic and secretory tissues of the mamary gland.- 2.2.1 Functional anatomy.- 2.2.2 Role of the milk-producing cell.- 2.2.3 Milk flow within the udder.- 2.3 The initiation and establishment of lactation.- 2.4 The milk ejection reflex.- 2.5 Effect of breed on milk composition and yield.- 2.6 Role of genetics in milk production.- 2.7 Effect of environment on milk composition and yield.- 2.7.1 Effects of season.- 2.7.2 Effects of thermal stress.- 2.8 Dairy cattle nutrition and its influence on milk yield and composition.- 2.8.1 Dietary effects on milk fat.- 2.8.2 Influence of ration on milk protein.- 2.9 The effects of milking management practices on milk quality.- 2.9.1 Milking interval.- 2.9.2 Milking rate.- 2.9.3 Frequency of milking.- 2.9.4 Milking routine.- 2.9.5 Cow preparation and residual milk.- 2.10 Influence of age and stage of lactation on milk component yield 22 References and further reading.- 3 Mastitis and milk quality.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Causative organisms.- 3.3 Contagious and environmental pathogens.- 3.4 Inflammation.- 3.5 Compositional changes.- 3.6 Milk losses.- 3.7 Impact on dairy products.- 3.8 Control of mastitis.- 3.9 Measurement.- 3.10 Summary 37 Further reading.- 4 Hygienic quality.- 4.1 Milk production, plant cleaning, on-farm storage and collection of milk.- 4.1.1 Milk production.- 4.1.2 Plant cleaning and sterilisation.- 4.1.3 Effect of storage time and temperature on bacterial count.- 4.2 Types of bacteria.- 4.3 Cooling and storage of milk on the farm.- 4.4 Collection, delivery and reception of milk.- 4.4.1 Churn collection.- 4.4.2 Bulk collection.- 4.5 Delivery and storage prior to processing 47 4.5.1 Storage of milk prior to processing.- 4.6 Importance of hygienic quality of milk.- 4.7 Measurement of the hygienic quality of milk.- 4.7.1 Simple, rapid tests for mesophiles.- 4.7.2 Tests for cooled milk.- 4.7.3 Staining and counting bacteria.- 4.7.4 Measurement of metabolic products of microbial cells.- 4.7.5 Measurement of metabolic activity.- 4.8 The future.- 4.9 Sampling, storage, preservation and transportation of samples 55 4.9.1 Sample transport and preservation.- References and further reading.- 5 Adulteration of milk.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Extraneous water.- 5.2.1 Vieth ratio.- 5.2.2 Nitrates as an indication of extraneous water.- 5.3 Freezing point test for detecting adulteration.- 5.3.1 Basis of the test.- 5.3.2 Freezing point depression and how it is controlled.- 5.3.3 Measurement units.- 5.3.4 How constant is the freezing point of milk .- 5.3.5 Freezing point of goat's, buffalo'sand ewe's milk.- 5.3.6 Factors affecting freezing point of milk.- 5.3.7 Test method.- 5.3.8 Calculation of amount of extraneous water in milk.- 5.4 Sources of contamination by extraneous water.- 5.5 How to avoid getting water into milk at the farm.- 5.6 Control of extraneous water through payment schemes.- 5.7 Other sources of adulteration.- 5.7.1 Salt.- 5.7.2 Sugar.- 5.7.3 Skim-milk powder.- 5.7.4 Detergent sterilants.- 5.7.5 Preservatives.- 5.7.6 Colostrum.- 5.7.7 Blood.- 5.7.8 Taints.- References and further reading.- 6 Compositional quality.- 6.1 Composition of milk.- 6.2 Measurement of total solids in milk.- 6.3 Measurement of the solids-not-fat (SNF) of milk.- 6.4 Major constituents.- 6.4.1 Fat.- 6.4.2 Proteins.- 6.4.3 Lactose.- 6.5 The use of instruments in assessing compositional quality.- 6.5.1 Assessing compositional quality using infrared.- 6.6 Dairy herd improvement (DHI) and quality payment laboratories.- 6.7 Quality payment systems for milk.- 6.7.1 Compositional quality.- References and further reading.- 7 Milk from sheep and goats.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Milking practices.- 7.3 Compositional quality.- 7.4 Measuring cow's milk in sheep's or goat's milk products.- 7.4.1 Differences in lipids.- 7.4.2 Differences in protein.- 7.4.3 Immunological techniques.- 7.4.4 General differen.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - This book provides an up-to-date overview of this important and rapidly moving area for food scientists / technologists, packaging technologists and suppliers to the food and packaging industries.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Seasoning ingredients.- Herbs and spices.- Typical seasoning formulations.- Specifying a seasoning.- Selecting a seasoning supplier.- Ingredient hygiene and safety: quality management systems.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 A measurement scheme for developing institutional products.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Phase I. Consumer marketing.- 1.2.1 Whom to test.- 1.2.2 What to test.- 1.2.3 How to test.- 1.3 Phase II. Individual item sensory testing.- 1.3.1 Trained and consumer panels.- 1.3.2 Choice of rating scales.- 1.4 Phase III. Consumer meal testing - laboratory.- 1.4.1 What is a meal .- 1.4.2 Acceptance and consumption.- 1.5 Phase IV. Consumer meal testing - field.- 1.5.1 Realism.- 1.5.2 Test population.- 1.5.3 Adhering to test protocol.- 1.5.4 Item and meal acceptance.- 1.6 Phase V. Prototype testing.- 1.7 Phase VI. Extended ration use validation.- 1.8 Phase VII. Quality control testing.- 1.9 How to use the seven-phase testing sequences.- References.- 2 Appropriateness as a measure of the cognitive-contextual aspects of food acceptance.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Description of procedures for appropriateness, item by use technique.- 2.2.1 Selection of stimuli.- 2.2.2 Format of the questionnaire.- 2.2.3 Selection of respondents.- 2.2.4 Collection of non-appropriateness data.- 2.2.5 Data collection.- 2.2.6 Analysis of appropriateness data.- 2.2.7 Use of principal component analysis.- 2.2.8 Analyses with non-appropriateness data.- 2.3 Conclusions.- References.- 3 The repertory grid approach.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.1.1 Food choice.- 3.1.2 Personal construct theory.- 3.2 Methodology.- 3.2.1 Repertory grid method.- 3.2.2 Statistical analysis of repertory grids.- 3.2.3 Generalised Procrustes analysis.- 3.3 Application.- 3.3.1 The different aspects of food choice.- 3.3.2 Investigating the food: general perceptions, sensory characteristics and reasons for choice.- 3.3.3 Investigating consumers.- 3.3.4 Investigating contexts of use.- 3.3.5 Interaction of foods, consumers and context of use.- 3.3.6 Extending repertory grid methodology: laddering, preference mapping and other procedures.- 3.4 Conclusions.- References.- 4 Focus group interviewing.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 Advantages and limitations of focus groups.- 4.1.2 Myths about focus groups.- 4.2 The process of conducting focus groups.- 4.2.1 Designing a study.- 4.2.2 Developing the questioning route.- 4.2.3 Recruiting participants.- 4.2.4 Moderating.- 4.2.5 Analysis.- 4.2.6 Validity and reliability - Can we really trust this stuff .- 4.3 Summary.- References.- 5 Product optimization: approaches and applications.- 5.1 Background and applications.- 5.1.1 What is product optimization .- 5.1.2 Historical background.- 5.2 Steps in a designed experiment and product optimization study.- 5.2.1 Selection of variables and their levels - systematic versus haphazard designs.- 5.2.2 Questionnaire development.- 5.2.3 Test implementation.- 5.2.4 Analysis of the data - a multi-step process.- 5.3 A case history - salsa.- 5.3.1 Experimental design.- 5.3.2 Results.- 5.3.3 Analysis phase 1, R-R analysis.- 5.3.4 Analysis phase 2, S-R (stimulus-response) analysis.- 5.3.5 Three examples of optimization technology.- 5.4 An overview.- References.- 6 Preference mapping in practice.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.1.1 An alternative approach.- 6.2 External preference analysis - Prefmap.- 6.2.1 The method.- 6.2.2 Case study using external analysis.- 6.2.3 Problems with external preference mapping.- 6.3 Internal analysis - MDPREF.- 6.3.1 Method.- 6.3.2 Case study using internal analysis.- 6.4 Advantages and limitations of preference mapping.- 6.5 Aspects of conduct.- References.- 7 An individualised psychological approach to measuring influences on consumer preferences.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Measuring individual consumer preferences.- 7.2.1 Acquisition of food preferences.- 7.2.2 Relating determinants to food preferences: the acceptance triangle.- 7.2.3 Principles of consumer preference measurement.- 7.3 Psychophysical acceptance parameters.- 7.3.1 Ideal point (IP).- 7.3.2 Rejections ratio (RR).- 7.3.3 Tolerance discrimination ratio (TDR).- 7.4 Aggregation of individuals' acceptance parameters.- 7.5 Measuring determinants of accep.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Capabilities and potential of robotics.- 1.1 Robotic technology and capability.- 1.2 Current robotic devices in use in the food sector.- 1.3 Production of primal cuts from carcasses.- 1.3.1 Manual methods for pig and sheep butchery.- 1.3.2 Primal cuts and the need for automation.- 1.3.3 Robotics and vision integration for the production of primal cuts.- 1.3.4 Automatic handling and constraints in manipulation.- 1.3.5 System trials and successes in automated production of primal cuts.- 1.4 Concluding remarks.- References.- 2 Fish processing using computer vision and robots.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Current procedures in fish processing.- 2.2.1 Work procedure.- 2.2.2. Production control.- 2.3 Implementation aspects.- 2.3.1 Fish characteristics.- 2.3.2 Image acquisition.- 2.3.3 Computer vision algorithms.- 2.3.4 Robotic manipulator.- 2.3.5 End-effectors.- 2.3.6 The environment.- 2.4 Robotic and vision systems in use for fish processing.- 2.4.1 Vision systems.- 2.4.2 Robots.- 2.5 New applications and technological needs.- 2.5.1 Handling.- 2.5.2 Sorting.- 2.5.3. Inspection.- 2.6 Concluding remarks.- References.- 3 Robotics and the poultry processing industry.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The typical poultry processing operation.- 3.3 Issues impacting the potential for robotics in poultry processing.- 3.4 Evolution of automation in processing plants.- 3.5 Traypack workcell.- 3.5.1 Manual operation.- 3.5.2 Cell design.- 3.5.3 System programming/path planning.- 3.5.4 End-effector design.- 3.5.5 Discussion.- 3.6 Parts transfer/loading workcell.- 3.6.1 Current operation.- 3.6.2 Workcell design.- 3.6.3 Gripper design.- 3.6.4 Software design/programming.- 3.6.5 Cycle time optimization.- 3.6.6 Grip reliability.- 3.6.7 Discussion.- 3.7 Vision for quality and machine control.- 3.7.1 Introduction.- 3.7.2 Grey-scale analysis.- 3.7.3 Color analysis.- 3.7.4 Machine guidance.- 3.7.5 Discussion.- 3.8 Future directions and development needs.- References.- 4 Robotic packaging of poultry products.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The end-effector.- 4.2.1 Parallel action base.- 4.2.2 Finger assemblies.- 4.3 The vision system.- 4.3.1 Object recognition.- 4.3.2 Recognition algorithms.- 4.3.3 Comparison of recognition algorithms.- 4.4 Vision system software.- 4.4.1 Training and recognition.- 4.4.2 Sensitivity.- 4.4.3 Grey-scale resolution.- 4.4.4 Threshold setting.- 4.4.5 Bruise detection.- 4.5 Robot system integration.- 4.6 Poultry weight saving simulation.- 4.6.1 The product type simulated.- 4.6.2 FWFP production without a picking strategy.- 4.6.3 FWFP production using a picking strategy.- 4.6.4 Results of the simulation programs.- 4.6.5 Refinement of the picking strategy.- 4.7 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 5 Robotic cutting of beef and deboning.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Robotic butchery system requirements.- 5.3 Butchery system operation scheme.- 5.3.1 Forequarter clamping.- 5.3.2 Cutting scheme.- 5.3.3 Forequarter database (FQDB).- 5.3.4 Cutting devices.- 5.3.5 Cutting trials.- 5.3.6 Cutting control algorithm.- 5.4 Further work.- 5.5 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- Appendix 1: Cutting scheme definition.- Appendix 2: Forequarter measurement points.- References.- 6 Automation in the production of pork meat.- 6.1 Processes in pig carcass production and handling.- 6.1.1 Handling and stunning.- 6.1.2 Sticking, bleeding and surface treatment.- 6.1.3 Evisceration and trimming.- 6.1.4 Meat inspection and carcass classification.- 6.1.5 Chilling, selection and further processing.- 6.2 Current trends in mechanisation and automation in the pork industry.- 6.2.1 Single process automation.- 6.2.2 Transport and handling automation.- 6.2.3 Integrated systems.- 6.3 Potential for improving quality by automation.- 6.3.1 Welfare and meat quality.- 6.3.2 Hygiene and process control.- 6.3.3 Potential for classification technology.- 6.4 Automatic grading system and description of a current system in use.- 6.4.1 Measurement of anatomical dimensions.- 6.4.2 Prob.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Introduction - myths, facts and realities.- 2 Packaging's role in society.- 3 Review of environmental legislation - The European Community.- 4 Review of environmental legislation - North America.- 5 Environmentally responsible packaging manufacture.- 6 Lifecycle assessment of packaging.- 7 The challenge of domestic waste disposal.- 8 Packaging materials recovery and recycling.- 9 Worldwide environmental contrasts - Europe.- 10 Worldwide environmental contrasts - North America.- 11 Worldwide environmental contrasts - Japan.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1. Introduction.- 2. Food composition data and data bases.- 3. Initiation and organisation of a food composition data base programme.- 4. The selection of foods.- 5. The selection of nutrients and other components.- 6. Sampling.- 7. Analytical methods for the production of food composition data.- 8. Assuring the quality of analytical data.- 9. Conventions and modes of expression of food composition data.- 10. Quality considerations in the compilation of a food composition data base.- 11. Guidelines for the use of food composition data.- 12. Current needs and future directions.- References.- Appendices 1. Methods of preparation of foods for analysis.- 2. Examples of procedures for the preparation of analytical portions.- 3. Essential booklist for food composition programmes.- 4. Useful addresses for food composition programmes.- 5. Calculation of fatty acids per 100 g food from data for fatty acids per 100 g of total fatty acids.- 6. Calculation of the composition of dishes prepared from recipes.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Historical background.- 1.2 Definitions, terminology and abbreviations.- 1.2.1 Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP).- 1.2.2 Controlled atmosphere packaging (CAP).- 1.2.3 Gas packaging.- 1.2.4 Vacuum packaging (VP).- 1.2.5 Gas cocktail.- 1.2.6 Controlled atmosphere storage (CAS).- 1.2.7 Hypobaric storage.- 1.3 Methods of atmosphere modification in packaged foods.- 1.3.1 Vacuum packaging.- 1.3.2 Gas packaging.- 1.4 Gases used in MAP.- 1.4.1 Oxygen (O2).- 1.4.2 Carbon dioxide (CO2).- 1.4.3 Nitrogen (N2).- 1.4.4 Carbon monoxide (CO).- 1.4.5 Other gases.- 1.4.6 Gas mixtures.- 1.4.7 Sources of gases.- 1.5 Microbiology of MAP.- 1.5.1 Effects on spoilage microorganisms.- 1.5.2 Effects on pathogenic microorganisms.- 1.5.3 Storage temperatures.- 1.6 Advantages and disadvantages of MAP.- 1.6.1 Advantages of MAP.- 1.6.2 Disadvantages of MAP.- References.- 2 The market.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 History of controlled atmosphere/modified atmosphere/vacuum packaging.- 2.3 Europe.- 2.3.1 Fresh meats.- 2.3.2 Fresh vegetables.- 2.3.3 Prepared foods.- 2.4 United States/Canada.- 2.4.1 Red meat.- 2.4.2 Poultry.- 2.4.3 Fruit and vegetables.- 2.4.4 Soft bakery goods.- 2.4.5 Pasta.- 2.4.6 Pizza.- 2.4.7 Salads.- 2.4.8 Other products.- 2.5 Conclusion.- Further reading.- 3 Packaging machinery.- 3.1 Historical development.- 3.2 Gases.- 3.3 Packaging material.- 3.4 Packaging machines.- 3.5 Chamber machines.- 3.5.1 Thermoforming system.- 3.5.2 Preformed container machines.- 3.6 Flexible pillow wrapping machines.- 3.6.1 Horizontal form-fill-seal machine systems.- 3.6.2 Inverted horizontal form-fill-seal machine systems.- 3.6.3 Vertical form-fill-seal systems.- 3.7 Fail-safe assurance.- 3.8 Automatic product feeding systems.- 3.9 Conclusion.- Appendix-Packaging systems for MAP.- 4 Films for MAP of foods.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Plastic films commonly used in MAP.- 4.2.1 Low density polyethylene (LDPE).- 4.2.2 Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE).- 4.2.3 High density polyethylene (HDPE).- 4.2.4 Polypropylene (PP).- 4.2.5 Ionomers.- 4.2.6 Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA).- 4.2.7 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).- 4.2.8 Polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC) copolymer.- 4.2.9 Polystyrene (PS).- 4.2.10 High impact polystyrene (HIPS).- 4.2.11 Barex.- 4.2.12 Polyamides.- 4.2.13 Polyethylene terephthalate (polyester or PET).- 4.2.14 Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) - trade name EVAL.- 4.2.15 Coextruded orientated polypropylene (COPP).- 4.2.16 Other films.- 4.3 Combinations of films.- 4.3.1 Laminates, coextrusion and extrusion coating.- 4.3.2 Specifications.- 4.4 Typical specifications for MAP use.- 4.4.1 Horizontal and vertical form-fill-seal systems.- 4.4.2 Bulk gas packaging (BGP).- 4.4.3 Microwavable packs.- 4.4.4 Technical problems.- 4.5 Seal system and quality.- 4.5.1 Peelable seals.- 4.5.2 Antifog (AF) properties.- 4.5.3 Printing and labelling.- 4.5.4 Specifications.- 4.6 Legislation and the environment.- 4.7 Oil use and energy.- Appendices.- Appendix I Antifogging properties.- Appendix II Draft specification for CAP reels.- Appendix III Recommended storage conditions for CAP materials.- Appendix IV Calculations.- Reference.- 5 Quality control of MAP products.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Safety and quality of MAP foods.- 5.3 Applications of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) to MAP foods.- 5.4 Total quality control and quality of MAP foods.- 5.5 Combining hazard analysis critical control point and total quality control.- 5.6 Quality control testing.- 5.6.1 Film faults.- 5.6.2 Headspace gas analysis.- 5.6.3 Seal strength.- 5.6.4 Temperature checks.- 5.7 Regulatory aspects of MAP foods.- 5.8 Summary.- References.- 6 Fruit and vegetables.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.1.1 Controlled atmosphere storage vs. MAP.- 6.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of MAP.- 6.1.3 Methods of creating modified atmosphere conditions.- 6.1.4 Optimal equilibrium gas levels.- 6.2 Background information.- 6.2.1 Factors affecting shelf-life.- 6.2.2 Intrinsic properties of.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Raw material sourcing.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Supply of fish.- 1.3 Finding fish.- 1.4 Catching fish.- 1.4.1 Surrounding nets.- 1.4.2 Towed nets.- 1.4.3 Static nets.- 1.4.4 Line and hook.- 1.5 By-catch.- 1.6 On-board handling of fish.- 1.6.1 Size of fish.- 1.6.2 Metabolic rate.- 1.6.3 Catching practice.- 1.6.4 Handling fish.- 1.7 Quality retention.- 1.7.1 Cooling with ice.- 1.7.2 Boxing in ice.- 1.7.3 Ice-chilled sea water (CSW).- 1.7.4 Refrigerated sea water (RSW).- 1.7.5 Freezing.- 1.8 Fishfarming.- 1.9 Conclusions.- References.- 2 Fish raw material.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Transportation.- 2.2.1 Spoilage factors.- 2.2.2 Protection in transportation.- 2.3 Reception and testing.- 2.4 Storage.- 2.5 Defrosting frozen fish.- 2.5.1 Air thawing.- 2.5.2 Air blast thawing.- 2.5.3 Water thawing.- 2.5.4 Vacuum thawing.- 2.5.5 Other methods of thawing.- 2.6 Fish preparation.- 2.6.1 Heading.- 2.6.2 Filleting.- 2.6.3 Skinning.- 2.6.4 Smoking.- 2.6.5 Pre-cooking.- 2.7 Storing prepared fish.- 2.8 Chemical indicators of quality.- References and Bibliography.- Appendix: Sources of machinery.- 3 Meat raw materials.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Specifications and quality assurance.- 3.3 Sampling procedures.- 3.4 Identity of meat.- 3.4.1 Species.- 3.4.2 Age and sex.- 3.4.3 Other factors.- 3.4.4 Chemical composition.- 3.5 Manufacturing quality factors.- 3.5.1 Functionality of meat proteins.- 3.5.2 Curing of meat products with nitrite.- 3.5.3 The importance of meat pH.- 3.5.4 pH changes in meat after slaughter.- 3.5.5 Chilling and freezing.- 3.5.6 Transport and delivery.- 3.6 Physical condition of meat.- 3.7 Microbiology of meat raw materials.- 3.7.1 Spoilage bacteria.- 3.7.2 Food-poisoning bacteria.- 3.8 Summary.- References.- 4 Canning factory standards.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Factory environment.- 4.2.1 Location and surroundings.- 4.2.2 Vehicles and roadways.- 4.3 Factory structure.- 4.3.1 External walls.- 4.3.2 Access ways.- 4.3.3 Pest-proofing.- 4.4 Production area.- 4.4.1 Internal walls.- 4.4.2 Floors.- 4.4.3 Ceilings.- 4.4.4 Lighting.- 4.4.5 Ventilation.- 4.5 Factory layout.- 4.5.1 Separation of processes.- 4.5.2 Separation of personnel.- 4.6 Services.- 4.6.1 General water supply.- 4.6.2 Water for cooling purposes.- 4.6.3 General steam supply.- 4.6.4 Potable steam supply.- 4.6.5 Other services.- 4.6.6 Effluent.- 4.7 Personal hygiene.- 4.7.1 Health control.- 4.7.2 Protective clothing.- 4.7.3 Sanitary accommodation.- 4.7.4 Staff amenities.- 4.8 Equipment.- 4.8.1 Hygienic design.- 4.8.2 Installation.- Further reading.- 5 Cans and lids.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Metals used in can manufacture.- 5.2.1 Stec!.- 5.2.2 Tin-free steels (TFS) and blackplate.- 5.2.3 Aluminium.- 5.2.4 Mechanical properties.- 5.3 Methods of container manufacture.- 5.3.1 Three-piece can manufacture.- 5.3.2 Two-piece can manufacture.- 5.3.3 Can ends.- 5.4 Selection of a can-making route.- 5.4.1 Product(s) to be packed.- 5.4.2 Size of the market and the manufacturing unit.- 5.5 Mechanical properties of containers and ends.- 5.5.1 General.- 5.5.2 Axial strength.- 5.5.3 Panelling resistance.- 5.5.4 Peaking resistance.- 5.5.5 Measurement of mechanical properties.- 5.5.6 Secondary processes.- 5.6 Coatings.- 5.6.1 General classification.- 5.6.2 Protective internal coatings.- 5.7 Functions of can lacquers/enamels.- 5.7.1 Internal corrosion protection.- 5.7.2 Protection of the product.- 5.7.3 Facilitating manufacture.- 5.7.4 Base for dccoration.- 5.7.5 External corrosion and abrasion resistance.- 5.8 Methods of lacquer application.- 5.8.1 Roller coating in sheet form.- 5.8.2 Coil coating.- 5.8.3 Spraying.- 5.8.4 Electrocoating.- 5.9 Container corrosion; theory and practice.- 5.9.1 External corrosion.- 5.9.2 Internal corrosion.- 5.9.3 Theory 130 5.9.10 Recycling.- 5.10.1 Technical factors.- 5.10.2 Economics.- 6 Filling operations.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Hand filling.- 6.2.1 Meat products.- 6.2.2 Fish products.- 6.3 Mechanical filling - general considerations.- 6.4 Meat fill.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 - The principles.- 1 Scientific principles of shelf life evaluation.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Major modes of food deterioration.- 1.2.1 Physical changes.- 1.2.2 Chemical changes.- 1.2.3 Microbiological changes.- 1.3 Evaluation of food quality.- 1.3.1 Reaction kinetics.- 1.3.2 Determination of kinetic parameters.- 1.3.3 Shelf life plots.- 1.4 Use of sensors to monitor shelf life of foods.- 1.4.1 Critical temperature indicators.- 1.4.2 Partial history indicators.- 1.4.3 Full history indicators.- 1.5 Conclusions.- References.- 2 The methodology of shelf life determination.- 2.1 Integration of shelf life procedures into a total quality system.- 2.2 Food legislation and shelf life.- 2.3 Forms of quality deterioration during storage.- 2.4 Procedures for direct determination and monitoring of shelf life.- 2.5 Methodology for accelerated estimation of shelf life.- 2.6 The importance of shelf life to quality and distribution.- 2.7 Conclusions.- References.- 3 The principles and practice of shelf life prediction for microorganisms.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Development of predictive models.- 3.2.1 Experimental design.- 3.2.2 Data collection.- 3.2.3 Modelling.- 3.2.4 Model validation.- 3.2.5 Obtaining predictions.- 3.3 Uses of models.- 3.3.1 Product formulation and reformulation.- 3.3.2 Process design.- 3.3.3 HACCP.- 3.3.4 Time-temperature profiles.- 3.3.5 Training and education.- 3.4 Limitations of models.- 3.5 The future.- References.- 4 Packaging and food quality.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Plastics packaging materials for food.- 4.2.1 Polyolefins.- 4.2.2 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).- 4.2.3 Polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC).- 4.2.4 Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH).- 4.2.5 Polystyrene (PS).- 4.2.6 Polyamides (nylons).- 4.2.7 Polyesters.- 4.2.8 Polycarbonates (PC).- 4.2.9 Lamination and coextrusion.- 4.3 Some packaging systems and recent developments.- 4.3.1 Trends in food packaging.- 4.3.2 Silica-coated films.- 4.3.3 Active packaging technologies.- 4.3.4 Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP).- 4.3.5 Aseptic/ultra-high temperature (UHT) packaging.- 4.3.6 Sous vide (vacuum cooking/packaging) technology.- 4.3.7 Edible films.- 4.4 The influence of 'scalping' on food.- 4.4.1 The limonene controversy.- 4.4.2 The influence of pulp content on scalping.- 4.4.3 Comparison of instrumental and sensory analysis.- 4.4.4 Influence of scalping on barrier and mechanical properties.- 4.4.5 Methods of suppressing scalping.- 4.5 Flavour transfer problems in refillable PET bottles.- 4.6 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Preservation technology and shelf life of fish and fish products.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Properties and spoilage of fish.- 5.3 Conventionally preserved fish and fish products.- 5.4 Modern technologies.- 5.5 Sensory quality and safety.- 5.6 Conclusions.- 2 - The practice.- 6 Delicatessen salads and chilled prepared fruit and vegetable products.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The products - their characteristics.- 6.3 Specific factors affecting shelf life.- 6.3.1 Delicatessen salads.- 6.3.2 Prepared fruit and vegetables.- 6.4 Determination of shelf life.- 6.4.1 Delicatessen salads.- 6.4.2 Prepared fruit and vegetables.- 6.5 Current developments and the future.- 6.5.1 Delicatessen salads.- 6.5.2 Prepared fruit and vegetables.- References.- 7 Chilled yogurt and other dairy desserts.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Products, product groups and characteristics.- 7.2.1 Product groups.- 7.2.2 Product characteristics.- 7.3 Factors affecting shelf life.- 7.3.1 Raw materials.- 7.3.2 Processing.- 7.3.3 Filling and packaging.- 7.3.4 Storage and distribution.- 7.3.5 Consumer storage.- 7.4 Evaluation methods.- 7.4.1 Shelf life determination - yogurt.- 7.5 Current developments and the future.- 8 Modified-atmosphere-packed ready-to-cook and ready-to-eat meat products.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Meat product groups and their basic characteristics.- 8.2.1 Appearance.- 8.2.2 Flavour.- 8.2.3 Texture.- 8.3 Factors affecting shelf life.- 8.3.1 Intrinsic factors.- 8.3.2 Extrinsic factors.-.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Principles and applications of hurdle technology.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Examples of the hurdle effect.- 1.2.1 Fermented foods.- 1.2.2 Shelf stable products (SSP).- 1.2.3 Intermediate moisture foods (IMF).- 1.3 Behaviour of microorganisms during food preservation.- 1.3.1 Homeostasis of microorganisms.- 1.3.2 Multi-target preservation of foods.- 1.3.3 Stress reactions and metabolic exhaustion.- 1.4 Total quality of foods.- 1.4.1 Optimal range of hurdles.- 1.4.2 Potential safety and quality hurdles.- 1.4.3 User guide to food design.- 1.5 Application of hurdle technology in less developed countries.- 1.5.1 Fruits of Latin America.- 1.5.2 Dairy product of India.- 1.5.3 Meat products of China.- 1.6 Future potential.- References.- 2 Bacteriocins: natural antimicrobials from microorganisms.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.1.1 Historical.- 2.2 Bacteriocin structure and function.- 2.2.1 Lantibiotics.- 2.2.2 Small heat-stable bacteriocins.- 2.2.3 Large heat-labile bacteriocins.- 2.3 Genetics of bacteriocins from LAB.- 2.3.1 Genetic organization of bacteriocin operons.- 2.3.2 Genetic location of bacteriocin genes.- 2.4 Application of bacteriocins in food systems.- 2.4.1 Dairy industry.- 2.4.2 Canning industry.- 2.4.3 Meat industry.- 2.4.4 Wine and beer.- 2.4.5 Sauerkraut.- 2.5 Future prospects for bacteriocins.- References.- 3 Natural antimicrobials from animals.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The phagosome.- 3.3 Antibiotic peptides.- 3.3.1 Biological role.- 3.3.2 Chemical attributes and spectrum of action.- 3.4 Protein amendment and production of antibiotic peptides.- 3.4.1 Iron.- 3.4.2 Avidin.- 3.5 The lactoperoxidase system (LPS).- 3.6 Lysozymes.- 3.7 Prospects.- References.- 4 Natural antimicrobials from plants.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Phytoalexins.- 4.3 Organic acids.- 4.4 Essential oils.- 4.5 Phenolics, pigments and related compounds.- 4.5.1 Factors affecting antimicrobial action.- 4.6 Modes of action.- 4.7 Health and legislative aspects.- 4.8 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Food irradiation: current status and future prospects.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Development of national regulations.- 5.3 Technical advantages and limitations of food irradiation.- 5.3.1 Techno-economic advantages.- 5.4 Limitations of food irradiation.- 5.4.1 Technical.- 5.4.2 Infrastructure and economics.- 5.4.3 Consumer concerns.- 5.5 Consumer acceptance of irradiated food.- 5.5.1 Consumer attitude surveys.- 5.5.2 Market testings and retail sales of irradiated food.- 5.6 Commercial applications of food irradiation.- 5.7 International co-operation in the field of food irradiation.- 5.7.1 Co-operation among FAO, IAEA and WHO.- 5.7.2 Co-operation with the Codex Alimentarius Commission.- 5.7.3 Co-operation leading to international trade in irradiated food.- 5.8 Conclusions.- References.- 6 Microwave processing.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Introduction to microwaves and their interaction with food materials.- 6.2.1 Basics.- 6.2.2 How microwaves heat.- 6.2.3 Power absorption.- 6.2.4 Uniformity of heating.- 6.2.5 Material properties.- 6.3 Microwaves and microorganisms.- 6.3.1 Early work (1940-55).- 6.3.2 Renewal of interest in the 1960s.- 6.3.3 Conclusion.- 6.4 Microwave processing equipment.- 6.4.1 The benefits of microwave processing.- 6.4.2 Current status of microwave processing in food industry applications.- 6.4.3 Microwave patents in preservation.- 6.5 Case histories.- Case history 1 Green tea drying/roasting system with microwave and far infra-red techniques.- Case history 2 Drying of pharmaceuticals.- Case history 3 Pasteurisation of fruit and sugar mixture.- Case history 4 Sterilisation after packaging of pasta products.- Case history 5 Pilot plant microwave sterilizer.- 6.6 The future.- References.- 7 Hydrostatic pressure treatment of food: equipment and processing.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 General description of an industrial high pressure system.- 7.2.1 The high pressure vessel and its closure.- 7.2.2 Pressure generation.- 7.2.3 Temperature control.- 7.2.4 Material h.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 The control of quality in the manufacture of flavourings.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Preamble to the System of Quality.- 1.3 Organisation to Achieve BS 5750 Accreditation.- 1.3.1 Commitment is Mandatory.- 1.3.2 The Driver.- 1.3.3 Management Project Team.- 1.3.4 Dedicated Word Processor.- 1.3.5 Quality Manager.- 1.3.6 Communication.- 1.4 BS 5750 Specification, Production and Installation.- 1.4.1 Introduction.- 1.4.2 Quality System Requirements.- 1.5 The Detail.- 1.5.1 Departmental Manuals.- 1.5.2 Management Responsibility.- 1.5.3 Responsibility and Authority.- 1.5.4 The Policy Manual.- 1.5.5 Quality System.- 1.5.6 Contract Review.- 1.5.7 Document Control.- 1.5.8 Purchasing.- 1.5.9 Purchaser-Supplied Product.- 1.5.10 Product Identification and Traceability.- 1.5.11 Process Control.- 1.5.12 Inspection and Testing.- 1.5.13 Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment.- 1.5.14 Inspection and Test Status.- 1.5.15 Control of Non-Conforming Products.- 1.5.15 Corrective Action.- 1.5.16 Handling, Storage, Packing and Delivery.- 1.5.17 Quality Records.- 1.5.18 Internal Quality Audits.- 1.5.19 Training.- 1.6 The Assessment.- 1.6.1 Outline.- 1.6.2 The Pre-assessment.- 1.7 Conclusion.- Note.- 2 Essential oils.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Production of Essential Oils.- 2.2.1 Steam Distillation.- 2.2.2 Water Distillation.- 2.2.3 Dry Distillation Methods.- 2.2.4 Expression of Oils.- 2.2.5 Extraction.- 2.3 Further Processing of Essential Oils.- 2.3.1 Rectification.- 2.3.2 Washed Oils.- 2.3.3 Oil Quality.- 2.4 The Uses of Essential Oils.- 2.5 The Composition of Essential Oils.- 2.5.1 Bitter Almond Oil.- 2.5.2 Bergamot Oil.- 2.5.3 Buchu Leaf Oil.- 2.5.4 Cassia Oil.- 2.5.5 Cinnamon Oil.- 2.5.6 Clove Oil.- 2.5.7 Coriander Oil.- 2.5.8 Cornmint Oil.- 2.5.9 Cumin Seed Oil.- 2.5.10 Davana Oil.- 2.5.11 Dill Oil.- 2.5.12 Eucalyptus Oil.- 2.5.13 Garlic Oil.- 2.5.14 Ginger Oil.- 2.5.15 Grapefruit Oil.- 2.5.16 Jasmin Concrete and Absolute.- 2.5.17 Lemongrass Oil.- 2.5.18 Lemon Oil.- 2.5.19 Lime Oil.- 2.5.20 Litsea Cubeba Oil.- 2.5.21 Nutmeg Oil.- 2.5.22 Peppermint Oil.- 2.5.23 Rose Oil.- 2.5.24 Rosemary Oil.- 2.5.25 Spearmint Oil.- 2.5.26 Star Anise Oil.- 2.5.27 Sweet Orange Oil.- 2.5.28 Tangerine Oil.- 2.5.29 Thyme Oil.- 3 Oleoresins, tinctures and extracts.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.1.1 General Comments.- 3.1.2 Costs.- 3.1.3 Raw Materials and Processes.- 3.2 Plant Materials.- 3.2.1 Origin.- 3.2.2 Crop to Crop Variations.- 3.2.3 Storage.- 3.2.4 Yield.- 3.2.5 Degradation.- 3.2.6 Preparation of Plant Material.- 3.2.7 Vanilla Bean Curing (Classical Method).- 3.3 Solvents.- 3.3.1 Polarity.- 3.3.2 Boiling Point.- 3.3.3 Viscosity.- 3.3.4 Latent Heat of Evaporation.- 3.3.5 Temperature/Pressure.- 3.4 Tinctures.- 3.4.1 Water Infusions.- 3.4.2 Alcoholic Tinctures.- 3.5 Oleoresins.- 3.5.1 Solvents.- 3.5.2 Solubility.- 3.5.3 Commercial Solvent Extraction System.- 3.6 Absolutes 77 3.6.1 Solvents.- 3.7 Extraction with Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent.- 3.7.1 Introduction.- 3.7.2 Subcritical C02.- 3.7.3 SupercriticalC02.- 3.8 Summary.- 4 Fruit juices.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Fruit processing.- 4.2.1 GeneralConsiderations.- 4.2.2 Soft Fruit Processing.- 4.3 Specialised Fruit Processing.- 4.3.1 Citrus.- 4.3.2 Comminuted Citrus Bases.- 4.3.3 Pineapple Juice.- 4.3.4 Processes Requiring Heat.- 4.4 Products and Packaging.- 4.4.1 Frozen Juices.- 4.4.2 Aseptic Packaging.- 4.4.3 Self-Preserved Juice.- 4.4.4 Preserved Juice.- 4.4.5 Hot Pack Products.- 4.5 Product Specifications.- 4.5.1 Soluble Solids Content.- 4.5.2 Titratable Acidity.- 4.5.3 Brix/Acid Ratio.- 4.5.4 Other Specifications.- 4.5.5 Juice Adulteration.- 4.5.6 Specifications for Essence/Volatiles/Citrus Oils.- 4.6 Volatile Components of Fruit Juices.- 4.6.1 Production.- 4.6.2 Composition of Fruit Juice Volatile Fractions.- 4.7 The Use of Fruit Juices in Flavourings.- 4.7.1 Fruit Juice Compounds.- 4.7.2 Flavourings.- 4.8 Summary.- 5 Synthetic ingredients of food flavourings.- 5.1 General Aspects.- 5.1.1 Introduction, Definit.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - This book begins by considering the raw materials that are used in the food industry, whether derived from animals, fruit and vegetables, or from the products of genetic engineering, as may increasingly be the case in the future.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Introduction.- Unit 1 Citrus Juice Characteristics.- 2 Brix and Soluble Solids.- 3 Acids in Citrus Juices.- 4 The Brix/Acid Ratio.- 5 Testing of Fruit Samples.- 6 Citrus Oils, Aromas, and Essences.- 7 Citrus Juice Pulp.- 8 Juice Cloud.- 9 Color of Citrus Juices.- 10 Bitterness in Citrus Juices.- 11 Nutritional Content of Citrus Juices.- 12 Citrus Rheology.- 13 Citrus Processing Varieties.- Unit 2 Citrus Juice Sanitation.- 14 Inspections.- 15 Citrus Microbiology.- 16 Insects, Rodents, and Birds.- 17 Physical and Chemical Contamination.- 18 Processing Contamination.- 19 Juice Adulteration.- Unit 3 Citrus Juice By-Products.- 20 Food-Grade Nonjuice Products.- 21 Animal Feed and Fuel By-Products.- 22 Wastes from Citrus Plants.- Unit 4 Citrus Juice Management.- 23 Quality Control Statistics.- 24 Quality Control Management.- 25 Inventory Management.- Appendix A Acid Corrections to the Brix.- Appendix B GWBASIC and RPG Programs.- Appendix C HP-41C Programmable Calculator Programs.- Appendix D Answers to Select Questions and Problems.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Food Colour and Appearance in Perspective.- The Evolution of Food Colour.- The Physiological Role of Pigments.- Food Colour and the Use of Food Colorants.- Rules Governing Other Appearance Attributes.- The Relative Importance of Appearance, Flavour and Texture as Product Attributes.- Colour in Food Packaging.- Food Colour in the English Language.- References.- 2 The Philosophy of Total Appearance.- The Place of Appearance in Total Perception.- Factors Affecting Total Appearance.- Light Source Properties.- Object Properties.- Receptor Mechanisms.- Inherited and Learned Responses: Cultural anthropology and food appearance; Colour and appearance associations and symbolisms.- Immediate Environmental Factors.- Product Images.- Total Appearance Philosophy and the Gestalt.- Mathematical Calculation of Consumer Images.- Need, Desirability and Market Stimulus Value.- Connotative Meanings of Objects.- Acceptance.- Quality.- Total Appearance as a Science.- References.- 3 Light and Interaction with Materials.- Light and Lighting.- Black Body Radiators.- Standard Illuminants.- Practical Light Sources.- Absorption and Scattering of Light.- Absorption.- Scattering.- The Kubelka-Munk Theory for Multiple Scattering.- Correcting for the Regularly Reflected Component.- Delayed Light Emission.- References.- 4 Vision.- The Eye.- Colour Perception.- Basic Colour Attributes.- Colour Constancy and Chromatic Adaptation.- Contrast Phenomena.- Colour Memory.- Colour Harmony.- Colour Vision Deficiency.- References.- 5 Sensory Evaluation of Appearance- Methodology.- Panel Selection, Screening and Training.- Factors Affecting Panel Performance.- The Halo Effect: Types of halo effect; Psycho physical relationships between colour and flavour.- Expert Tasters as Predictors of Consumer Response.- Physical Requirements for Food Appearance Assessment.- Lighting for Appearance Assessment.- Types of Sensory Test.- Discrimination and Descriptive Testing.- Affective (Preference and Acceptance) Testing.- Statistics and Mathematics in Appearance Sensory Testing.- References.- 6 Appearance Profile Analysis and Sensory Scales.- Colour and Appearance Memory Descriptors and Scales.- Visual Structure: Produce sorting; Product definition; Defini-tions of structural defects.- Visual Texture.- Visual Flavour.- Translucency.- Gloss.- Colour.- Colour Uniformity.- Examples of Appearance Profile Analysis.- Appearance Comparative Scales.- Colour Atlases: Royal Horticultural Society charts; The Mun-sell system and atlas; The Natural Colour System (NCS); An atlas for the foods and allied industries.- Scales and Anchors for Specific Foods.- References.- 7 Instrumental Specification.- Colour Measurement.- Tristimulus and Spectrophotometric Measurement.- Instrumental Factors.- Dominant Wavelength and Purity Calculations.- Discrimination of Colour Attributes.- Properties of the Chromaticity Diagram.- Uniform Chromaticity Space and Uniform Colour Scales.- Colour Difference Calculation.- Measurements and Perceptual Correlates.- Subtractive Colorimetry.- Metamerism.- Fluorescence.- Translucency.- Gloss.- Colour Measuring Instruments used for Foods.- References.- 8 Colour Specification of Food.- The Sample and the Instrument.- Colour Measurement of Opaque Samples.- Colour Measurement of Transparent Samples.- Colour Measurement of Translucent Samples.- Understanding Sensory Quality.- Visualizing Tristimulus Coordinates.- The Three Dimensional Nature of Colour Change.- Occurrence of Multimodal Populations.- Confusion Caused by Too Wide a Range of Samples.- The Colour of Translucent Materials.- Relationships Between Hedonic Assessments and Instrumental Measurements.- Use of Colour Difference Equations.- Understanding Process Materials-Quality Determination and Control.- Isolating the Most Sensitive Tristimulus Dimension: Control systems based on one dimension; Control systems based on two dimensions; Control systems based on three dimensions.- Measurements made at Specific Waveleng.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Food Colour and Appearance in Perspective.- 2 The Philosophy of Total Appearance.- 3 Light and Interaction with Materials.- 4 Vision.- 5 Sensory Evaluation of Appearance-Methodology.- 6 Appearance Profile Analysis and Sensory Scales.- 7 Instrumental Specification.- 8 Colour Specification of Food.- 9 Specification of Appearance Properties Other Than Colour.- 10 The Chemistry of Food Colour.- 11 The Environment and Food Display.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 The polysaccharides: sources and structures.- 2 Industrial applications of polysaccharides.- 3 Rheology.- 4 Rheology of polysaccharide systems.- 5 Rheometry.- Appendix A: review of elementary matrix, vector and tensor algebra.- Appendix B: derivation of the rate of deformation tensor.- Appendix C: the Criminale-Ericksen-Filbey (or CEF) equation.- Appendix D: correlation between relaxation modulus and material functions.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Flavor is an important sensory aspect of the overall acceptability of meat products. The aroma precursors and flavor enhancers which exist in raw meat vary according to animal species and different processing and storage techniques also affect end flavor.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Traditional chocolate making.- 2 Cocoa bean production and transport.- 3 Sugar.- 4 Milk.- 5 Cleaning, roasting and winnowing.- 6 Cocoa mass, cocoa butter, cocoa powder.- 7 Particle size reduction.- 8 Chemistry of flavour development in chocolate.- 9 Conching.- 10 Chocolate flow properties.- 11 Chocolate temper.- 12 Pumps and tempering.- 13 Enrobers, moulding equipment, coolers and panning.- 14 Vegetable fats.- 15 Recipes.- 16 Instrumentation.- 17 Microbiology of chocolate.- 18 Packaging.- 19 Non-conventional machines and processes.- 20 Chocolate marketing and other aspects of the confectionery industry worldwide.- 21 Future trends.- Useful conversion factors.- Useful physical constants.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1. Heat Treatment of Milk.- 2. Developments in Cream Separation and Processing.- 3. Production of Butter and Dairy Based Spreads.- 4. Drying of Milk and Milk Products.- 5. Protection against Fire and Explosion in Spray Dryers.- 6. Membrane Processing of Milk.- 7. Utilisation of Milk Components: Whey.- 8. Utilisation of Milk Components: Casein.- 9. Automation in the Dairy.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Foreword: Theodore P. Labuza.- Preface: Israel Goldberg.- Contributors.- I. Introduction.- Chapter1. Introduction.- II. Health Attributes of Functional Foods.- Chapter2. Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.- Chapter3. Reducing the risk of cancer.- Chapter4. Functional foods in the control of obesity.- Chapter5. Nutrient control of immune function.- Chapter6. Dietary factors modulating the rate of aging.- Chapter7. Mood and performance foods.- Chapter8. Medical foods.- III. Health Functionality of Food Components.- Chapter9. Dietary fiber.- Chapter10. Special physiological functions of newly developed oligosaccharides.- Chapter11. Sugar alcohols.- Chapter12. Amino acids, peptides and proteins.- Chapter13. Vitamins for optimal health.- Chapter14. Lactic acid bacteria as promoters of human health.- Chapter15. Nutrition of macrominerals and trace elements.- Chapter16. Fatty acids.- Chapter17. Phytochemicals and antioxidants.- IV. Market and Competition.- Chapter18. Functional foods in Japan.- Chapter19. The development of the functional food business in the United States and Europe.- Chapter20. The potential role of functional foods in medicine and public health.- Chapter21. The role of marketing communication in the introduction of functional foods to the consumer.- Chapter22. The food industry's role in functional foods.- V. Consumer's Viewpoint.- Chapter23. Consumers' view on functional foods.- VI. Future Prospects.- Chapter24. Future prospects for functional foods.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Introduction.- 2 Liquid milk and liquid milk products.- 3 Concentrated and dried milk products.- 4 Dairy protein products.- 5 Cream and cream-based products.- 6 Butter, margarine and spreads.- 7 Cheese.- 8 Fermented milks.- 9 Ice cream and related products.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - Extrusion.- Study of Flow Through Conical Converging Dies.- Selection of Operating Parameters to Prevent Central Bursting Defects During Cold Extrusion.- The Effect of Material Properties on Tension Zone and Boundary Shear-Stress in Extrusion.- Application of Visioplasticity Techniques to Axisymmetric Extrusions.- The Extrusion of Rate Sensitive Materials.- Deformation Criteria for Predicting the Cold-Extrusion Pressures of Metals.- Drawing and Sheet Metal Forming.- The Effect of Homogeneity on the Formability of 7000 Series Aluminum Alloys for Cartridge Cases.- Effect of Plastic Anisotropy on Drawing Characteristics of Aluminum Alloy Sheet.- Analyses of Deformation and Texture as Functions of Fabrication in Mandrel-Drawn Tubing.- Experimental Evaluation of Theoretically Ideal Drawing Dies.- The Application of the Avitzur Upper Bound Equation to Tungsten Wire Drawing and Its Use in Die-Line Design.- Forming Loads and Friction.- Computer Simulation to Predict Load, Stress, and Metal Flow in an Axisymmetric Closed-Die Forging.- The Validity of Simulating Tests in Evaluating Lubricants for Deformation Processes.- A New Method for the Determination of Material Flow Stress Values under Metalworking Conditions.- Force Requirements and Friction in Warm Working Operations.- Workability.- Theories and Experiments on Friction, Deformation, and Fracture in Plastic Deformation Processes.- The Use of Workability Test Results to Predict Processing Limits.- Hot Workability Testing Techniques.- Simulation of Extrusion Structures by Means of Torsion Testing for a High Strength Nickel-Base Alloy, Udimet 700.- Prediction and Effects of Material Damage During Deformation Processing.- The Relationship Between Superplasticity and Formability.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1. Disease risks of obesity.- The fallacy of ideal body weight standards.- Obesity and diabetes: many as yet unanswered questions.- Present public health issues on obesity.- References.- 2. Are all calories equal .- Possible mechanisms by which calories from macronutrients might not be equal.- Are all calories equal for slimmers .- 'Are all calories equal '.- References.- 3. Metabolic risk factors for the development of obesity.- Determinants of energy expenditure.- Low metabolic rate as a risk factor.- The effect of dietary fat/carbohydrate on energy expenditure.- Oxidative autoregulation.- Diet composition and obesity.- Conclusion.- References.- 4. Metabolic response to slimming.- Short-term consequences of slimming.- Long-term consequences of slimming.- Conclusions.- References.- 5. Health effects of weight cycling.- The metabolic hypothesis.- Weight cycling and health.- Interpretation of epidemiological findings.- Psychological factors.- Conclusions and implications.- References.- 6. Food preferences and body weight control.- Food preferences and obesity.- Fat intake and fat preference in the genesis of obesity.- Genetic predisposition.- References.- 7. Psychological aspects of obesity.- Early psychological theories.- Emergence of the restrained eater.- Restrained eating and obesity.- Bulimia nervosa.- Strict control and the disturbance of eating behaviour.- Counter-regulation.- Individual variability.- Dietary macronutrient selection and body weight control.- Successful and unsuccessful weight control strategies.- References.- 8. Realistic expectations of obesity treatments.- No new treatment principles.- A pessimistic view.- Why so little success .- Realistic strategies.- The definition of success.- An optimistic view.- References.- 9. Health professional approach to weight control.- Hypocaloric diet.- Exercise.- Pharmacotherapy.- Very low-calorie diets.- Surgery.- References.

Buch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware - 1 Predicting acceptability from flavour data.- Abstract.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.1 Procedure considerations.- 1.1.2 Design considerations.- 1.1.3 Analysis considerations.- 1.1.4 Practical considerations.- 1.2 Examples of the multiple regression approach.- 1.2.1 Predicting hedonic values of raw carrot texture from sensory descriptive attributes.- 1.2.2 Predicting hedonic values of cooked rice from sensory descriptive attributes.- 1.2.3 Predicting strawberry jam preference from sensory and analytical variables.- 1.3 Conclusion.- References.- 2 Sensory analysis of flavours.- Abstract.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.1.1 Definition.- 2.1.2 Quality: two sources of variables.- 2.2 The sensory instruments.- 2.3 Psychology.- 2.4 Psychophysics.- 2.5 Physiology: oral, nasal, retronasal and trigeminal perception.- 2.6 Sensory analysis.- 2.6.1 The possibilities.- 2.6.2 The tool box.- 2.6.3 Quality of judgement.- 2.6.4 Scales.- 2.6.5 Methods.- 2.6.6 Sensory technique.- References.- 3 Food acceptability.- Abstract.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Tools for measuring and understanding product acceptance and perception.- 3.3 Measuring acceptance.- 3.3.1 Environment and context.- 3.3.2 Products being considered.- 3.3.3 Product associations.- 3.3.4 Availability and familiarity.- 3.3.5 Variety.- 3.3.6 Interviewer influence.- 3.4 Methods for exploring underlying causes of acceptance.- 3.4.1 Regression modelling.- 3.4.2 Trade-off modelling and conjoint analysis.- 3.4.3 Behavioural modelling.- 3.4.4 Information-processing-network approaches.- 3.5 Conclusions.- References.- 4 Psychology and psychophysiological measurements of flavour.- Abstract.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The physiological study of eating behaviours.- 4.3 Psychophysiological techniques.- 4.4 R. W. Moncrieff.- 4.5 Averaged evoked potentials.- 4.6 Psychophysiology, EEG and brain electrical activity mapping.- 4.7 Neuropsychology and the cerebral cortex.- 4.8 The Warwick olfaction research methodology.- 4.8.1 The quantification of BEAM maps.- 4.9 A BEAM investigation using infants and a longitudinal adult study.- 4.10 Event-related potentials and food odours.- 4.11 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Matching sensory and instrumental analyses.- Abstract.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Goals.- 5.2.1 Understanding causal relationships.- 5.2.2 Finding calibration and prediction models.- 5.2.3 Application in quality assurance and management.- 5.3 Methods.- 5.3.1 Sensory methods.- 5.3.2 Instrumental methods.- 5.3.3 Computers and data analytical methods.- 5.4 Philosophy.- 5.4.1 To what extent can flavour be measured .- 5.4.2 Philosophical concepts of relevance in flavour assessment.- 5.5 Qualimetrics.- 5.5.1 Why qualimetrics .- 5.5.2 Definitions.- 5.5.3 Multivariate psychophysics.- 5.5.4 Multivariate data analysis.- 5.5.5 Multivariate calibration and prediction.- 5.6 Examples.- 5.6.1 Goals.- 5.6.2 Materials and methods.- 5.6.3 Results: rapid, relevant and reliable methods (goal 1).- 5.6.4 Results: use of prior knowledge (goal 2).- 5.6.5 Discussion.- 5.7 Conclusions.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 6 Product optimization.- Abstract.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.1.1 Optimization procedure.- 6.1.2 Definition of the desired response.- 6.2 Applications of response surface optimization.- 6.2.1 Thiamine and SO2 content in quality white wine production.- 6.2.2 Optimization of wine fermentation by using immobilized yeast cells.- 6.2.3 Optimization of Provolone cheese quality (preference) by sensory descriptive analysis.- 6.3 Conclusion.- References.- 7 Software for data collection and processing.- Abstract.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Software for data collection.- 7.3 Software for data analysis (traditional statistical analysis).- 7.4 Software for data exploration.- 7.5 The future.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 8 Citrus breeding and flavour.- Abstract.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Botanical considerations.- 8.2.1 Taxonomic systems.- 8.2.2 Breeding problems.- 8.3 Breeding of citrus flavours.- 8.3.1 Sensory analysis.- 8.3.2 Nonvolatile fla.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -1 Agar.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Raw Materials.- 1.3 Production.- 1.4 Agars Obtained from Various Agarophytes.- 1.5 Chemical Composition.- 1.5.1 Agarose.- 1.5.2 Agaropectin.- 1.6 Agar Gelation.- 1.7 Synergies and Incompatibilities of Agar.- 1.8 Applications.- 1.8.1 Food Applications.- 1.8.2 Regulations for Agar in Foods.- 1.8.3 Other Applications of Agar.- References.- 2 Alginates.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Manufacture.- 2.2.1 Raw Materials.- 2.2.2 Commercial Alginates.- 2.3 Chemical Composition.- 2.3.1 General.- 2.3.2 Configuration.- 2.3.3 Alginate Biosynthesis.- 2.3.4 Block Structure Analysis.- 2.4 Functional Properties.- 2.4.1 Viscosity.- 2.4.2 Gelation.- 2.4.3 Gel Strength.- 2.5 Gel Formation Techniques.- 2.5.1 General.- 2.5.2 Diffusion Setting, Neutral pH.- 2.5.3 Diffusion Setting, Acid pH.- 2.5.4 Internal Setting, Neutral and Acid pH.- 2.5.5 Combined Setting.- 2.5.6 Setting by Cooling.- 2.5.7 Alginate/Pectin Gels.- 2.6 Alginate Processes for Food Production.- 2.6.1 General.- 2.6.2 Appropriate Food Raw Materials.- 2.6.3 Commercial Alginate Gel Restructured Products.- 2.6.4 Examples of Production Formats.- 2.6.5 Alginate Products for the Bakery Industry.- 2.7 Thickening and Stabilising.- 2.7.1 Thickening.- 2.7.2 Stabilising.- 2.7.3 Thickening/stabilising with Propylene Glycol Alginate.- 2.8 Film Formation.- 2.9 Summary.- References.- 3 Carrageenan.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Raw Materials.- 3.3 Manufacturing.- 3.4 Regulation.- 3.5 Functional Properties.- 3.6 Synergism with Food Ingredients.- 3.7 Food Applications.- References.- 4 Cellulose Derivatives.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Manufacture.- 4.3 MC and MHPC: Chemistry And Properties.- 4.4 HPC: Chemistry and Properties.- 4.5 CMC: Chemistry and Properties.- 4.6 Major Commercial Applications in Food Products.- 4.6.1 Introduction.- 4.6.2 Frozen Desserts.- 4.6.3 Fruit Juice-Based Drinks and Products.- 4.6.4 Bakery Products.- 4.6.5 Dairy Products.- 4.6.6 Structured, Extruded and Coated Products.- 4.6.7 Miscellaneous food Applications.- 4.6.8 Future Developments.- References.- 5 Exudate Gums.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Gum Arabic.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 Manufacture.- 5.2.3 Chemical Composition.- 5.2.4 Functional Properties.- 5.2.5 Applications.- 5.2.6 Future Developments.- 5.3 Gum Tragacanth.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Manufacture.- 5.3.3 Chemical Composition.- 5.3.4 Functional Properties.- 5.3.5 Applications.- 5.3.6 Future Developments.- 5.4 Gum Karaya.- 5.4.1 Introduction.- 5.4.2 Manufacture.- 5.4.3 Chemical Composition.- 5.4.4 Functional Properties.- 5.4.5 Applications.- 5.4.6 Future Developments.- References.- 6 Gellan Gum.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Manufacture.- 6.3 Chemical Composition.- 6.4 Functional Properties.- 6.4.1 Hydration.- 6.4.2 Solution Properties.- 6.4.3 Gel Formation.- 6.4.4 Gel Properties.- 6.4.5 Gum Combinations.- 6.5 Regulatory Status.- 6.6 Applications.- 6.7 Future Developments.- References.- 7 Gelatin.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Gelatin: Definition.- 7.3 Collagen.- 7.4 Collagen-Gelatin Transformation.- 7.5 Gelatin Manufacture.- 7.5.1 Pretreatment.- 7.5.2 Extraction and Post-Extraction Processing.- 7.5.3 Commercial Gelatin.- 7.6 Chemical Structure.- 7.6.1 Composition.- 7.6.2 Isoelectric Point.- 7.6.3 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution.- 7.7 Functional Properties.- 7.7.1 Gelation Mechanism.- 7.7.2 Gel Strength.- 7.7.3 Melting Point.- 7.7.4 Setting Point.- 7.7.5 Viscosity.- 7.7.6 Turbidity.- 7.7.7 Colour.- 7.7.8 Colloid Protection.- 7.8 Uses of Gelatin in the Food Industry.- 7.8.1 Confectionery.- 7.8.2 Dairy Products.- 7.8.3 Meat Industry.- 7.8.4 Hydrolysed Gelatin Applications.- 7.8.5 Miscellaneous Applications.- References.- 8 Konjac Gum.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Raw Materials.- 8.3 Manufacturing.- 8.4 Regulation.- 8.5 Chemical Structure.- 8.6 Functional Properties.- 8.6.1 Thickening Agent.- 8.6.2 Gelling Agent: Thermally Reversible Gels.- 8.6.3 Thermally Stable Gels.- 8.7 Dietary Fibre.- 8.8 Food Applications.- Additional Reading.- 9 Microcry.